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. 2019 Sep 26;9:13910. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50421-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Analysis of ribonucleotide-induced mutagenesis in human lymphoblastoid cells. (a) Schematic diagram of the determination of mutant frequency and mutation spectrum using the supF shuttle vector. The closed circular double-stranded DNA, containing a single dG, rG, 8-oxo-rG, or 8-oxo-dG in supF, was transfected into WT, XPA^−/−, and POLH^−/− cells. After incubation for 48 h, the propagated plasmids were extracted from cells and introduced into KS40/pOF105 indicator strain. The mutant frequency and mutation spectrum were determined as described in the Methods. (b) Cell growth of WT (open circles), XPA^−/− (closed triangles), POLH^−/− (closed squares), XPA^−/− + XPA (open triangles), and POLH^−/− + POLH (open squares) cells after exposure to UVC light. Values are presented as mean ± S.E. of at least two independent experiments.