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. 2019 Sep 26;9:13910. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50421-8

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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A possible model of the processing of an embedded ribonucleotide and ribonucleotide-induced mutagenesis. 8-Oxo-rG could be generated by the incorporation of oxidized ribonucleoside triphosphates into DNA or by the oxidation of the embedded ribonucleotides. RNase H2 and BER cannot remove 8-oxo-rG^21,22. NER is involved in the excision of such a damaged ribonucleotide. Alternatively, Pol η can bypass 8-oxo-rG to suppress the mutagenic events induced by the embedded ribonucleotide. The unrepaired ribonucleotide is subject to Top1-mediated processing, leading to the deleterious mutations.