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. 2019 Sep 26;9:13943. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50208-x

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematic overview of FORECAST. The CF assay is coupled to an in vitro kinetics simulation. (a) Traditional partition coefficients (k_p) commonly used for small molecule partitioning between blood supply and cell interior. For NMs, rate constants for adsorption (k_ad), desorption (k_de), internalization (k_int), and degradation (k_deg) more accurately represent uptake processes incident on a NM when exposed to cell environment. (b) Layout of CF assay, including CSI compartment (internal standard and descriptive of cellular degradation), CKD compartment (descriptive of kinetics of NM-cell interactions), MPE compartment, (descriptive of media degradation), and CC compartment (descriptive of control with cells without NM exposure). The CF decision tree illustrates how these are connected in the assay. CF outputs were then used to build a simulation (c) with parameters descriptive of adsorption, desorption, internalization, and degradation pathways. Data from CF was also (d) validated to AAS outputs.