Figure 5.

Estimated volumetric cooling power at different driving currents with 1 mm/s electrolyte flow, compared to theoretically achievable cooling power with no losses (black) and with measured irreversibility evenly split between the two electrodes (brown). The solid lines are calculated based on i and η input to the cell while individual points are based on the thermal signal at the IR microscope. Electrolyte flow from the cold to the hot electrodes allows less than 50% of kinetic losses in the cell to manifest as a temperature rise on the cooling electrode, enabling a more powerful refrigeration effect than would be possible in a cell with stagnant electrolyte.