Table 5.
Stool metabolites significantly modulated by rice bran supplementation compared to control for Nicaragua & Mali infants at 8 months of age.
| Metabolic Pathway | Metabolitea | HMDBb | Nicaragua | Mali | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fold Diffc | p-value | Fold Diffc | p-value | |||
| Cofactors and Vitamins | ||||||
| Nicotinate and Nicotinamide Metabolism | Quinolinate | HMDB00232 | 0.88 | 0.7272 | 0.44 | 0.0313 |
| Nicotinate | HMDB01488 | 1.15 | 0.3958 | 1.6 | 0.0053 | |
| Tocopherol Metabolism | alpha-tocotrienol | HMDB06327 | 0.69 | 0.3922 | 3.01 | 0.0168 |
| gamma-tocotrienol | HMDB12958 | 0.67 | 0.1909 | 2.53 | 0.0044 | |
| gamma-CEHC glucuronide* | 0.41 | 0.0035 | 0.96 | 0.8862 | ||
| Vitamin B6 Metabolism | pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) | HMDB02075 | 1.58 | 0.3051 | 4.65 | 0.0011 |
| Pyridoxate | HMDB00017 | 0.86 | 0.5441 | 2.34 | 0.0014 | |
| Xenobiotics | ||||||
| Benzoate Metabolism | 4-hydroxybenzoate | HMDB00500 | 0.88 | 0.6260 | 1.8 | 0.0272 |
| methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate | HMDB32572 | 0.57 | 0.0299 | 0.9 | 0.7061 | |
| 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionate | HMDB02199 | 1.08 | 0.8898 | 6.94 | 0.0007 | |
| Xanthine Metabolism | Theophylline | HMDB01889 | 0.86 | 0.6266 | 0.44 | 0.0091 |
| Food Component/Plant | Indoleacetylaspartate | HMDB38666 | 1.1 | 0.7543 | 2.14 | 0.0134 |
| Vanillate | HMDB00484 | 0.82 | 0.5775 | 2.27 | 0.0246 | |
| deoxymugineic acid | 0.6 | 0.2733 | 4.5 | 0.0021 | ||
| dihydroferulic acid | 0.63 | 0.4522 | 6.99 | 0.0032 | ||
| Ferulate | HMDB00954 | 1.24 | 0.6403 | 3.5 | 0.0100 | |
| ferulic acid 4-sulfate | HMDB29200 | 1.14 | 0.8494 | 4.88 | 0.0274 | |
| ferulylglycine (1) | 0.4 | 0.0256 | 2.16 | 0.0665 | ||
| Rosmarinate | HMDB03572 | 0.57 | 0.0206 | 1.28 | 0.3008 | |
| Tyrosol | HMDB04284 | 1.01 | 0.9832 | 1.98 | 0.0412 | |
| Diosmetin | HMDB29676 | 0.29 | 0.0192 | 1.25 | 0.6872 | |
| daidzein sulfate (2) | 0.39 | 0.0123 | 1.38 | 0.4129 | ||
| daidzein sulfate (1) | 0.35 | 0.0023 | 1.04 | 0.9083 | ||
| Salicylate | HMDB01895 | 1.78 | 0.0970 | 4.67 | 0.0000 | |
| N-propionylmethionine | 1.09 | 0.8631 | 3.6 | 0.0111 | ||
| malonylgenistin | 0.51 | 0.0023 | 0.99 | 0.9670 | ||
| Drug - Analgesics, Anesthetics | 4-acetamidophenylglucuronide | HMDB10316 | 0.99 | 0.0484 | 1 | 1.0000 |
| 2-methoxyacetaminophen glucuronide* | 0.77 | 0.0049 | 1 | 1.0000 | ||
| Amino Acid | ||||||
| Glycine, Serine and Threonine Metabolism | Glycine | HMDB00123 | 0.66 | 0.0062 | 1.2 | 0.2384 |
| dimethylglycine | HMDB00092 | 0.69 | 0.2880 | 0.42 | 0.0153 | |
| Lysine Metabolism | N6-formyllysine | 0.6 | 0.1944 | 2.37 | 0.0385 | |
| Phenylalanine Metabolism | phenylpyruvate | HMDB00205 | 0.59 | 0.0332 | 1.18 | 0.5305 |
| phenyllactate (PLA) | HMDB00779 | 0.44 | 0.0223 | 1.49 | 0.2855 | |
| Tyrosine Metabolism | 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate | HMDB00707 | 0.55 | 0.0210 | 0.92 | 0.7455 |
| vanillic alcohol sulfate | 0.7 | 0.2572 | 2.01 | 0.0378 | ||
| Tryptophan Metabolism | kynurenate | HMDB00715 | 0.48 | 0.0079 | 1.13 | 0.6565 |
| N-formylanthranilic acid | HMDB04089 | 1.2 | 0.5416 | 0.51 | 0.0321 | |
| indolepropionate | HMDB02302 | 4.67 | 0.0189 | 1.33 | 0.6727 | |
| Leucine, Isoleucine and Valine Metabolism | alpha-hydroxyisocaproate | HMDB00746 | 0.45 | 0.0325 | 1.05 | 0.8904 |
| alpha-hydroxyisovalerate | HMDB00407 | 0.47 | 0.0335 | 1.08 | 0.8323 | |
| 3-methyl-2-oxobutyrate | HMDB00019 | 0.52 | 0.0299 | 1.4 | 0.2751 | |
| 2-hydroxy-3-methylvalerate | HMDB00317 | 0.46 | 0.0224 | 1.14 | 0.7078 | |
| Methionine, Cysteine, SAM and Taurine Metabolism | N-acetylmethionine | HMDB11745 | 0.89 | 0.8154 | 3.24 | 0.0214 |
| N-formylmethionine | HMDB01015 | 0.56 | 0.2035 | 2.84 | 0.0294 | |
| cysteine | HMDB00574 | 0.66 | 0.0498 | 1.29 | 0.2445 | |
| hypotaurine | HMDB00965 | 0.52 | 0.0439 | 0.9 | 0.7512 | |
| Urea cycle; Arginine and Proline Metabolism | dimethylarginine (SDMA + ADMA) | HMDB01539 | 0.53 | 0.0064 | 0.92 | 0.7445 |
| Glutathione Metabolism | 5-oxoproline | HMDB00267 | 0.5 | 0.0085 | 1.27 | 0.3819 |
| 2-hydroxybutyrate/2-hydroxyisobutyrate | 0.45 | 0.0153 | 0.73 | 0.3554 | ||
| Peptide | ||||||
| Gamma-glutamyl Amino Acid | gamma-glutamylglutamine | HMDB11738 | 0.49 | 0.0278 | 1.05 | 0.8844 |
| gamma-glutamyl-epsilon-lysine | HMDB03869 | 0.49 | 0.0137 | 0.84 | 0.5553 | |
| Carbohydrate | ||||||
| Glycolysis, Gluconeogenesis, and Pyruvate Metabolism | pyruvate | HMDB00243 | 0.46 | 0.0237 | 1.26 | 0.5202 |
| Disaccharides and Oligosaccharides | 3-sialyllactose | HMDB00825 | 0.8 | 0.0484 | 1 | 1.0000 |
| Lewis a trisaccharide | 1.36 | 0.0443 | 0.99 | 0.9520 | ||
| Energy | ||||||
| TCA Cycle | alpha-ketoglutarate | HMDB00208 | 0.65 | 0.1785 | 1.96 | 0.0484 |
| Lipid | ||||||
| Fatty Acid, Dicarboxylate | pimelate (C7-DC) | HMDB00857 | 0.93 | 0.7811 | 2.13 | 0.0078 |
| Fatty Acid Metabolism (Acyl Choline) | palmitoloelycholine | 1.17 | 0.1301 | 0.74 | 0.0070 | |
| linoleoylcholine* | 1.85 | 0.0459 | 1.5 | 0.2118 | ||
| Fatty Acid, Monohydroxy | 8-hydroxyoctanoate | HMDB61914 | 0.75 | 0.1576 | 1.61 | 0.0224 |
| Fatty Acid, Dihydroxy | 12,13-DiHOME | HMDB04705 | 0.89 | 0.7839 | 2.78 | 0.0246 |
| 9,10-DiHOME | HMDB04704 | 0.9 | 0.7816 | 3.75 | 0.0012 | |
| Monoacylglycerol | 1-linolenoylglycerol (18:3) | HMDB11569 | 2.36 | 0.0457 | 1.01 | 0.9871 |
| Diacylglycerol | linoleoyl-linolenoyl-glycerol (18:2/18:3) [1]* | HMDB07249 | 2.04 | 0.0285 | 1.18 | 0.6201 |
| linolenoyl-linolenoyl-glycerol (18:3/18:3) [2]* | HMDB07278 | 2.29 | 0.0404 | 0.76 | 0.5121 | |
| linoleoyl-docosahexaenoyl-glycerol (18:2/22:6) [1]* | 1.03 | 0.8045 | 0.66 | 0.0006 | ||
| linoleoyl-docosahexaenoyl-glycerol (18:2/22:6) [2]* | HMDB07266 | 0.98 | 0.9291 | 0.59 | 0.0165 | |
| Sphingolipid Metabolism | N-acetylsphingosine | HMDB04950 | 1.11 | 0.7987 | 2.44 | 0.0387 |
| Mevalonate Metabolism | 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutarate | HMDB00355 | 0.74 | 0.4206 | 2.77 | 0.0098 |
| Sterol | beta-sitosterol | HMDB00852 | 0.77 | 0.3699 | 2.89 | 0.0006 |
| stigmasterol | HMDB00937 | 1.14 | 0.6191 | 2.01 | 0.0159 | |
| campesterol | HMDB02869 | 0.86 | 0.6689 | 2.1 | 0.0415 | |
| Androgenic Steroids | 5alpha-androstan-3alpha,17alpha-diol disulfate | 0.56 | 0.0199 | 0.63 | 0.0625 | |
| androstenediol (3beta,17beta) disulfate (2) | HMDB03818 | 0.71 | 0.2185 | 0.54 | 0.0324 | |
| Primary Bile Acid Metabolism | glycocholate | HMDB00138 | 0.39 | 0.0483 | 1.37 | 0.5237 |
| glycochenodeoxycholate | HMDB00637 | 0.43 | 0.0434 | 0.64 | 0.3052 | |
| glycochenodeoxycholate glucuronide (2) | 0.37 | 0.0195 | 0.78 | 0.5717 | ||
| glycochenodeoxycholate sulfate | 0.57 | 0.2283 | 0.35 | 0.0284 | ||
| Secondary Bile Acid Metabolism | 7alpha-hydroxycholestenone | HMDB01993 | 0.64 | 0.0411 | 0.88 | 0.5716 |
| Nucleotide | ||||||
| Purine Metabolism, Adenine containing | N6-dimethylallyladenine | 0.94 | 0.8249 | 0.28 | 0.0000 | |
| Purine Metabolism, Guanine containing | Guanine | HMDB00132 | 0.47 | 0.0876 | 3.22 | 0.0112 |
| Pyrimidine Metabolism, Orotate containing | N-carbamoylaspartate | HMDB00828 | 1.14 | 0.5814 | 0.59 | 0.0326 |
| Pyrimidine Metabolism, Uracil containing | uridine-2′,3′-cyclic monophosphate | HMDB11640 | 1.27 | 0.3081 | 1.75 | 0.0243 |
| Pyrimidine Metabolism, Thymine containing | 3-aminoisobutyrate | HMDB03911 | 1.23 | 0.6961 | 0.27 | 0.0175 |
aTable displays metabolites with statistically significant differences between rice bran and control group in stool. Bold metabolites are present in the rice bran (Calrose) that the children consumed.
bHMDB refers to the Human Metabolome Database.
cFold differences (Fold Diff) between study groups was calculated by dividing the scaled relative abundance of rice bran vs control.