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. 2019 Sep 26;9:13935. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50206-z

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Preliminary scale-up using heterotrophically grown Chlorella vulgaris up to a 5-L fermenter (heterotrophic route). This procedure was compared to the standard scale-up process whose inoculum corresponded to C. vulgaris cells cultivated photoautotrophically in flasks with a maximum volume of 5 L (autotrophic route). Either inoculum was used to seed 1 m³ flat panel (FP) photobioreactors operated outdoors under photoautotrophic conditions. The culture volumes (litres) and the duration (days) of each scale-up step are indicated.