Fig. 1.

Scheme illustrating the actions of adiponectin/AdipoR agonist, AdipoRon, in the liver and the muscle. Adiponectin and the AdipoR agonist, AdipoRon participate in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism through their critical effects within the liver and muscle. In the liver, adiponectin/AdipoRon activates not only the AMPK pathway via AdipoR1 but the PPARα pathways via AdipoR2, thus doubly ameliorating insulin resistance and steatosis [17, 18]. In the muscle, adiponectin/AdipoRon regulates PGC-1α through the AMPK-SIRT1 and the calcium-CaMKK pathways to promote mitochondrial biogenesis via AdipoR1 [18, 41]