FIGURE 9.

Accelerated synaptic vesicle release in Elovl4 mutant neurons and its rescue by VLC-SFA. Top panel: Faster synaptic release in Elovl4^mut/mut hippocampal synapses (red) compared to WT control synapses (black), as detected with FM1-43 dye. Representative traces of average synaptic release activated by four rounds of high K⁺ depolarization. Bottom panel: Cumulative graph depicts the fraction of total releasable synaptic vesicle pool exocytosed after 15 s depolarization (WT = black line). Vesicle release kinetics was recorded by FM1-43 fluorescence from 900 to 1200 synapses. Note the robust right shift of the cumulative distribution for Elovl4^mut/mut synapses (red), which is rescued by supplementation with 28:0 and 30:0 SFAs (green) but not by 24:0 (blue). Inset: Frequency distribution of responses with slowest responding synapses on the left, and the fastest on the right on the curve. Reproduced from Hopiavuori et al. (2018) with permission under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (link to the Creative Commons license; http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).