Table 1.

Demographics, clinical, and imaging characteristics of MSA and control subjects.

	MSA-total	MSA-P	MSA-C	Controls	MSA-total vs. controls (p)	MSA-P vs. MSA-C (p)	MSA-P vs. controls (p)	MSA-C vs. controls (p)
Agea	58.70 ± 6.85	59.00 ± 7.19	58.15 ± 6.27	60.48 ± 6.42	0.341	0.727	0.479	0.316
Gender (M:F)b	12:25	7:17	5:8	12:9	0.097	0.716	0.075	0.481
Disease duration (months)a	26.57 ± 13.03	27.54 ± 12.76	24.77 ± 13.57	.		0.547
UPDRS-IIIc	33.62 ± 11.78	37.92 ± 10.95	25.69 ± 8.88	.		0.002*
UMSARS-IIc	21.84 ± 5.43	23.50 ± 5.32	18.77 ± 4.24	.		0.013*
HandY staged	2.99 ± 0.58	3.06 ± 0.62	2.85 ± 0.46			0.369
Visual rating (0/1/2/3) b
Right side	7/13/12/5	1/7/11/5	6/6/1/0	20/1/0/0	< 0.001*	0.001*	< 0.001*	0.002*
Left side	9/11/8/9	3/5/7/9	6/6/1/0	20/1/0/0	< 0.001*	0.004*	< 0.001*	0.002*
Visual category† (non-higher/ higher grade) b
Right side	20/17	8 /16	12/1	21/0	< 0.001*	0.001*	< 0.001*	0.382
Left side	20/17	8 /16	12/1	21/0	< 0.001*	0.001*	< 0.001*	0.382
Putaminal R2*e
Right side	28.49 ± 6.24	30.37 ± 6.83	25.01 ± 2.65	25.19 ± 3.10	0.008*	< 0.001*	0.001*	0.903
Left side	25.79 ± 5.08	27.05 ± 5.78	23.48 ± 2.07	24.14 ± 3.26
Putaminal volumef
Right side	3844.61 ± 928.98	3455.83 ± 729.21	4562.35 ± 842.31	5221.04 ± 609.86	< 0.001*	< 0.001*	< 0.001*	0.004*
Left side	4168.55 ± 1055.35	3739.57 ± 932.02	4960.52 ± 793.00	5464.26 ± 678.12

UPDRS-III = Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale part III; UMSARS-II = Unified Multiple System Atrophy Rating Scale part II; HandY stage = Hoehn and Yahr stage;

^†= categorization of visual rating (0 or 1 = non-higher category; 2 or 3 = higher category).

^aIndependent t-test;

^bChi-square test or Fisher's exact test;

^cAnalysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) test, covariated with age, gender, and disease duration;

^dMann-Whitney U-test;

^eGeneral Estimating Equation (GEE) covariated with age, sex and image side;

^fGEE covariated with age, sex, total intracranial volume and image side;

^pUncorrected p-values for multiple testing;

^*Statistically significant after Bonferroni correction.