Table 2. Trends in Estimated Percentage of Energy Intake From Carbohydrates and Protein From Different Sources Among Adults Aged 20 Years or Older by NHANES Survey Cycle, 1999 to 2016.

	Estimated Energy Intake, Survey-Weighted Mean % (95% CI)a									Difference, 2015-2016 vs 1999-2000 (95% CI)b	P Value for Trend
	1999-2000 (n = 4237)	2001-2002 (n = 4744)	2003-2004 (n = 4448)	2005-2006 (n = 4520)	2007-2008 (n = 5420)	2009-2010 (n = 5762)	2011-2012 (n = 4801)	2013-2014 (n = 5047)	2015-2016 (n = 5017)
Carbohydrates
High-quality sources
Whole grains	2.00 (1.93-2.08)	2.15 (2.08-2.23)	2.09 (1.99-2.18)	2.28 (2.17-2.39)	2.32 (2.18-2.45)	2.47 (2.39-2.55)	2.60 (2.48-2.72)	2.56 (2.48-2.64)	2.65 (2.53-2.77)	0.65 (0.50 to 0.79)	<.001
Whole fruits	2.87 (2.72-3.03)	2.89 (2.80-2.98)	2.86 (2.69-3.03)	3.03 (2.89-3.17)	3.19 (3.01-3.37)	3.34 (3.25-3.43)	3.30 (3.17-3.43)	3.19 (3.07-3.32)	3.21 (3.06-3.36)	0.34 (0.13 to 0.55)	<.001
Nonstarchy vegetables	1.67 (1.63-1.70)	1.67 (1.64-1.69)	1.70 (1.66-1.74)	1.71 (1.67-1.76)	1.71 (1.67-1.75)	1.75 (1.72-1.79)	1.84 (1.80-1.88)	1.81 (1.78-1.84)	1.81 (1.77-1.85)	0.14 (0.08 to 0.20)	<.001
Legumes	0.88 (0.82-0.94)	0.84 (0.79-0.89)	0.83 (0.77-0.89)	0.82 (0.77-0.88)	0.87 (0.81-0.93)	0.90 (0.83-0.97)	0.96 (0.90-1.02)	0.94 (0.90-0.99)	0.98 (0.93-1.03)	0.10 (0.02 to 0.18)	<.001
Low-quality sources
Refined grains	15.2 (15.0-15.5)	15.3 (15.1-15.5)	15.1 (14.9-15.3)	15.1 (14.9-15.3)	15.3 (15.1-15.5)	15.5 (15.3-15.8)	15.9 (15.7-16.1)	15.9 (15.7-16.0)	15.9 (15.6-16.2)	0.69 (0.31 to 1.07)	<.001
Fruit juice	3.93 (3.70-4.15)	3.93 (3.76-4.10)	3.84 (3.55-4.13)	3.64 (3.43-3.85)	3.45 (3.25-3.65)	3.48 (3.35-3.61)	3.33 (3.02-3.63)	2.87 (2.74-2.99)	2.81 (2.65-2.98)	−1.12 (−1.39 to −0.84)	<.001
Potato	2.49 (2.42-2.55)	2.49 (2.45-2.53)	2.51 (2.44-2.58)	2.51 (2.43-2.58)	2.53 (2.46-2.60)	2.49 (2.44-2.54)	2.45 (2.40-2.49)	2.47 (2.43-2.51)	2.50 (2.46-2.55)	0.02 (−0.06 to 0.10)	.47
Other starchy vegetable	0.58 (0.57-0.60)	0.59 (0.58-0.60)	0.59 (0.58-0.61)	0.61 (0.59-0.64)	0.61 (0.60-0.63)	0.60 (0.59-0.61)	0.59 (0.58-0.61)	0.59 (0.58-0.60)	0.59 (0.58-0.61)	0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03)	.10
Added sugar	16.4 (15.8-16.9)	16.1 (15.8-16.5)	15.6 (15.2-16.1)	15.0 (14.6-15.4)	15.1 (14.6-15.6)	14.9 (14.6-15.1)	14.8 (14.4-15.1)	14.7 (14.4-15.0)	14.4 (13.9-14.8)	−2.00 (−2.68 to −1.33)	<.001
Other sourcesc	6.46 (6.39-6.53)	6.61 (6.53-6.70)	6.78 (6.63-6.93)	6.96 (6.86-7.06)	6.69 (6.56-6.81)	6.51 (6.44-6.59)	6.03 (5.91-6.15)	6.06 (5.94-6.17)	5.61 (5.49-5.73)	−0.85 (−0.99 to −0.71)	<.001
Protein
Animal sources
Unprocessed red meat	2.70 (2.67-2.73)	2.66 (2.62-2.70)	2.73 (2.68-2.77)	2.74 (2.69-2.78)	2.74 (2.69-2.79)	2.72 (2.67-2.76)	2.73 (2.67-2.79)	2.73 (2.70-2.76)	2.75 (2.70-2.79)	0.05 (−0.01 to 0.10)	.09
Processed meat	1.10 (1.07-1.12)	1.11 (1.09-1.13)	1.13 (1.09-1.17)	1.14 (1.10-1.18)	1.12 (1.10-1.15)	1.11 (1.08-1.15)	1.11 (1.08-1.13)	1.11 (1.08-1.14)	1.11 (1.09-1.13)	0.01 (−0.02 to 0.05)	.76
Poultry	2.38 (2.34-2.43)	2.36 (2.32-2.41)	2.39 (2.33-2.45)	2.44 (2.39-2.50)	2.50 (2.43-2.57)	2.47 (2.40-2.54)	2.46 (2.39-2.54)	2.54 (2.49-2.59)	2.54 (2.46-2.61)	0.15 (0.07 to 0.24)	<.001
Seafood	0.75 (0.73-0.77)	0.73 (0.72-0.75)	0.76 (0.73-0.79)	0.78 (0.75-0.81)	0.78 (0.75-0.81)	0.79 (0.77-0.82)	0.80 (0.77-0.83)	0.81 (0.77-0.85)	0.81 (0.77-0.84)	0.06 (0.02 to 0.10)	<.001
Dairy	2.54 (2.50-2.57)	2.55 (2.51-2.59)	2.55 (2.48-2.63)	2.61 (2.55-2.66)	2.57 (2.49-2.66)	2.60 (2.56-2.63)	2.50 (2.43-2.57)	2.58 (2.53-2.64)	2.60 (2.51-2.69)	0.06 (−0.03 to 0.16)	.10
Eggs	0.70 (0.69-0.71)	0.69 (0.68-0.71)	0.70 (0.67-0.72)	0.74 (0.72-0.76)	0.75 (0.73-0.77)	0.75 (0.72-0.77)	0.75 (0.74-0.77)	0.78 (0.77-0.80)	0.80 (0.78-0.82)	0.10 (0.08 to 0.13)	<.001
Other animal sourcesd	0.01 (0.01-0.01)	0.01 (0.01-0.01)	0.01 (0.01-0.01)	0.01 (0.01-0.01)	0.01 (0.00-0.01)	0.01 (0.01-0.01)	0.01 (0.01-0.01)	0.01 (0.01-0.01)	0.01 (0.01-0.01)	0.00 (0.00 to 0.00)	<.001
Plant sources
Whole grains	0.38 (0.37-0.40)	0.41 (0.40-0.43)	0.40 (0.38-0.42)	0.44 (0.42-0.46)	0.45 (0.42-0.48)	0.47 (0.46-0.49)	0.52 (0.49-0.55)	0.51 (0.49-0.53)	0.50 (0.48-0.53)	0.12 (0.09 to 0.15)	<.001
Refined grains	2.65 (2.62-2.68)	2.68 (2.66-2.71)	2.68 (2.66-2.71)	2.67 (2.64-2.69)	2.68 (2.66-2.71)	2.69 (2.67-2.72)	2.70 (2.67-2.72)	2.69 (2.67-2.71)	2.67 (2.63-2.70)	0.02 (−0.03 to 0.06)	.33
Nuts	0.36 (0.34-0.38)	0.37 (0.36-0.38)	0.39 (0.37-0.41)	0.40 (0.39-0.42)	0.39 (0.37-0.41)	0.41 (0.39-0.43)	0.43 (0.41-0.45)	0.44 (0.42-0.47)	0.45 (0.42-0.49)	0.09 (0.05 to 0.13)	<.001
Legumes	0.31 (0.29-0.33)	0.29 (0.28-0.31)	0.29 (0.27-0.31)	0.29 (0.27-0.31)	0.31 (0.29-0.32)	0.31 (0.29-0.33)	0.33 (0.31-0.35)	0.33 (0.31-0.34)	0.34 (0.32-0.36)	0.04 (0.01 to 0.06)	<.001
Soy	0.12 (0.10-0.13)	0.12 (0.11-0.13)	0.15 (0.13-0.16)	0.15 (0.13-0.17)	0.15 (0.14-0.17)	0.16 (0.15-0.17)	0.15 (0.13-0.16)	0.15 (0.14-0.17)	0.19 (0.17-0.22)	0.07 (0.04 to 0.10)	<.001
Other plant sourcese	1.55 (1.54-1.57)	1.57 (1.56-1.59)	1.59 (1.57-1.60)	1.62 (1.59-1.65)	1.60 (1.59-1.62)	1.63 (1.61-1.65)	1.62 (1.59-1.65)	1.61 (1.58-1.64)	1.60 (1.57-1.64)	0.05 (0.01 to 0.09)	<.001

Abbreviation: NHANES, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.

^aData were adjusted for NHANES survey weights to be nationally representative.

^bValues may not equal the difference between the beginning and ending estimates because of rounding.

^cResidual carbohydrates not from individual food groups (eg, dairy foods).

^dResidual animal protein not from individual food groups (eg, insects).

^eResidual plant protein not from individual food groups (eg, fruits and vegetables).