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. 2019 Sep 20;10:1039. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01039

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Copyright © 2019 Zhang, Jiang, Ma, Li, Liu, Li, Wu and Wang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Saikosaponin-d (Ssd) inhibits tumor growth and increases the sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells to herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase/ganciclovir (HSVtk/GCV) in vivo. BALB/c nude mice were inoculated with HSVtk/Hep3B cells and subsequently treated with vehicle, Ssd, GCV, or a combination of Ssd and GCV. (A) Subcutaneous tumors were dissected from nude mice and photographed. (B) Tumor volumes were measured every 3 days over a 30-day period. (C) Tumors were weighted immediately after dissection from nude mice. (D) Apoptosis in tumor xenograft sections was detected by TUNEL staining (scale bar, 25 µm). (E) Quantification of apoptosis in tumor sections. Data are expressed as means ± SD (n = 3); *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, and ***P < 0.001 when compared with the control (Student’s t test).