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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 27.
Published in final edited form as: Int J STD AIDS. 2014 Jan 22;25(10):716–725. doi: 10.1177/0956462413518194

Table 1.

Correlates of syphilis positivity among pregnant women screened at 40 antenatal clinics in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 2011.

Variable Total Positive (%) OR (95% CI) AOR (95% CI)
Populationa 17,669 739 (4.2)
Age group
 15–29 12,609 463 (3.7) 1.0 1.0
 30–49 5060 276 (5.5) 1.5 (1.3–1.8) 1.4 (1.2–1.7)
Age at first pregnancy
 ≤19 years 12,201 566 (4.6) 1.5 (1.2–1.8) 1.0 (0.9–1.3)
 ≥20 years 5435 173 (3.2) 1.0 1.0
Age at first sexual encountera
 ≤15 7559 399 (5.3) 1.6 (1.4–1.9) 1.3 (1.1–1.5)
 ≥16 9984 334 (3.4) 1.0 1.0
Age group of first sexual partner
 ≤15–19 4816 262 (5.4) 1.5 (1.3–1.8) 1.3 (1.1–1.5)
 ≥20 12,220 446 (3.7) 1.0 1.0
Age group of current partner
 ≤15–29 6560 223 (3.4) 0.7 (0.6–0.8) 1.0
 ≥30 10,834 506 (4.7) 1.0 1.4 (1.1–1.8)
Lifetime pregnancies
 One 4144 118 (2.8) 0.6 (0.5–0.7) 0.8 (0.6–1.0)
 Two or more 13,524 621 (4.6) 1.0 1.0
Trimester at testing
 First 1379 62 (4.5) 1.1 (0.8–1.4)
 Second 7612 311 (4.0) 1.0 (0.8–1.1)
 Third 8676 366 (4.2) 1.0
HIV test result
 Positive 627 29 (4.6) 1.1 (0.8–1.6)
 Negative 17,042 710 (4.2) 1.0
Education
 None 1274 75 (5.9) 3.8 (1.5–9.6) 2.6 (1.0–6.7)
 Some primary 4572 248 (5.4) 3.5 (1.4–8.6) 1.9 (0.8–4.9)
 Complete primary 1313 58 (4.4) 2.8 (1.1–7.1) 1.9 (0.7–4.9)
 Some secondary 7913 297 (3.8) 2.4 (1.0–5.8) 1.9 (0.8–4.7)
 Complete secondary 2052 51 (2.5) 1.6 (0.6–3.9) 1.6 (0.6–4.1)
 Some university 312 5 (1.6) 1.0 1.0
 Complete university 233 5 (2.1) 1.3 (0.4–4.7) 1.3 (0.4–4.7)
Marital status
 Single 915 26 (2.8) 1.0 1.0
 Married (mono) 11,322 452 (4.0) 1.4 (1.0–2.1) 1.1 (0.7–1.6)
 Married (poly) 2066 109 (5.3) 1.9 (1.2–2.9) 1.2 (0.7–1.9)
 Non-married couple 3147 145 (4.6) 1.7 (1.1–2.5) 1.3 (0.8–2.0)
 Separated 149 4 (2.7) 0.9 (0.3–2.7) 0.6 (0.2–1.9)
 Divorced 21 1 (4.8) 1.7 (0.2–13.2) 1.3 (0.2–10.2)
 Widow 45 2 (4.4) 1.6 (0.4–6.9) 0.9 (0.2–3.8)
Clinic location
 Urban 7102 215 (3.0) 1.0 1.0
 Rural 10,567 524 (5.0) 1.7 (1.4–2.0) 1.6 (1.3–1.9)
Clinic Setting
 Health center 2659 83 (3.1) 0.7 (0.6–0.9) 1.3 (0.9–1.5)
 General hospital 15,010 656 (4.4) 1.0 1.0
Province name
 BasCongo 1327 16 (1.2) 0.3 (0.2–0.4) 0.4 (0.3–0.6)
 Bandundu 2703 54 (2.0) 0.4 (0.3–0.6) 0.3 (0.1–0.4)
 Equateur 2162 165 (7.6) 1.8 (1.4–2.3) 1.5 (1.1–2.0)
 Kasai 1309 51 (3.9) 0.9 (0.6–1.2) 0.9 (0.7–1.4)
 Katanga 2119 94 (4.4) 1.0 1.0
 Kinshasa 1840 41 (2.2) 0.5 (0.3–0.7) 0.5 (0.3–0.7)
 Maniema 859 26 (3.0) 0.7 (0.4–1.0) 0.5 (0.3–0.9)
 North Kivu 909 42 (4.6) 1.0 (0.7–1.5) 1.1 (0.8–1.7)
 Occidental 863 31 (3.6) 0.8 (0.5–1.2) 0.8 (0.5–1.3)
 Orientale 2658 205 (7.7) 1.8 (1.4–2.3) 1.7 (1.3–2.3)
 South Kivu 920 14 (1.5) 0.3 (0.2–0.6) 0.3 (0.2–0.6)

OR = odds ratio; CI = confidence interval.

a

Age of first pregnancy (N = 17,636), age of first sex (N = 17,543), age of current partner (N = 17,394), marital status (N = 17,665).