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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Sep 27.
Published in final edited form as: J Vasc Res. 2019 May 7;56(3):139–151. doi: 10.1159/000498893

Fig. 2.

Fig. 2.

CSE stimulates the protein and mRNA expression correlated with macrophage activation. (a) RAW 264.7 cells were incubated in medium with or without 2% CSE for 2 days for Western blotting analysis. Relative protein expression level of NFATc1 in the CSE-treated group showed a statistically significant difference compared with the untreated group. Macrophage cells were cultured with or without 2% CSE to examine TRAP protein (b), cathepsin K protein (c), and MMP-9 protein (d) levels for 3 days, and MT1-MMP for 2 days (e) by Western blotting analysis. The mRNA expression of TRAP (f) and MMP-9 (g) were examined after being cultured in 2% CSE-contained medium for 3 days, and MT1-MMP for 2 days (h). Values are presented as means ± SD for at least 3 replicates. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01. CSE, cigarette smoke extract; NFATc1, nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1; TRAP, tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase; MMP-9, matrix metalloproteinase-9; MT1-MMP, membrane-type 1 matrix metalloproteinase; SD, standard deviation.