Table 4.
Longitudinal Studies.
| Participants | Method | EF Domain | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Study | Group | N | Age M (SD) | Sex (% female)a | BMIbM(SD) | Treatment | Cognitive task | Program/follow–up | Global EF/other EFs | Inhibition | Updating | Cognitive flexibility | Quality of the study |
| *Allom et al. (2018) | OB–CRT1 OB–C2 | 42 38 |
41.39 (7.85) | 86 | 39.76 (7.53) | Cognitive Remediation Therapy | WCST3 TMT4 | 3 months | OB–CRT ↑ OB–C = | – | . | OB–CRT ↑ OB–C = | 83.3% |
| Alosco et al. (2014a) | OB–AD5 OB–NAD6 | 14 80 |
40 (11.42) 45.1 (10.99) | 21.4 15 |
T1.45.17 (5.02) T2.37.85 (5.43) T1.46.07 (5.33) T2.38.06 (4.86) | Bariatric Surgery [Alzheimer History] | TMT Maze Task | 12 weeks | OB–AD = OB–NAD = | – | . | OB–AD = OB–NAD = | 75.0% |
| Alosco et al. (2014b) | OB–Bar7 OB–C | 63 23 |
42.29 (11.42) 41.13 (12.55) | 90.5 95.7 |
T1.46.5 (5.26) T2.31.34 (6.42) T1.40.9 (5.24) T2.40.9 (5.64) | Bariatric Surgery | Digit Span Switching Attention Task Maze Task | 24 months | OB–Bar ↑ OB–C = | – | OB–Bar ↑ OB–C = | OB–Bar ↑ OB–C = | 91.7% |
| Alosco et al. (2014c) | OB–Bar | 78 | 43.5 (10.59) | 82.1 | T1.46.63 (5.28) T2.30.51 (5.39) | Bariatric Surgery | Switching of Attention Task Maze Task | 12 months | OB–Bar ↑ | – | – | OB–Bar ↑ | 66.7% |
| Alosco et al. (2014d) | OB–Bar | 50 | 44.08 (10.76) | 92 | T1.46.61 (5.27) T2.32.35 (6.57) T3.33.02 (6.27) | Bariatric Surgery | Digit Span Switching of Attention Task Verbal Interference Maze Task | I. 36 months II. 48 months (LD)8 | I.OB–Bar ↑ II. OB–Bar ↑ | I.OB–Bar ↑II. OB–Bar ↑ | I.OB–Bar ↑ II. OB–Bar ↑ | I.OB–Bar ↑II. OB–Bar ↑ | 83.3% |
| Alosco et al. (2015) | OB–Bar | 84 | 43.86 (10.39) | 83.3 | T1.46.88 (6.08) T2.30.05 (5.39) | Bariatric Surgery | Digit Span Switching of Attention Task Verbal Interference Task | 12 months | – | OB–Bar ↑ | OB–Bar ↑ | OB–Bar ↑ | 83.3% |
| *Augustijn et al. (2018) | OB | T1.32 T2.30 | 9.6 (1.1) | T1.56 T2.60 | Z scores T1. 2.7 (0.3) T2.2.0 (0.4) | Weight Loss Program | CANTAB9 | 6–10 months | OW↑ | OW↑ | OW↑ | OW = | 75.0% |
| Bryan and Tiggemann (2001) | OB–WL10 OB–C | 42 21 |
48.9 (8.2) 50.9 (7.3) | 100 100 |
T1.34.1 (4.3) T1.35.2 (4.8) | Weight Loss Program | TMT WCST Self–Ordered Piniting Task Initial Letter Fluency Excluded Letter Fluency Digit Span | 12 weeks | – | OB–WL ↑ OB–C = | OB–WL = OB–C = | OB–WL = OB–C = | 91.7% |
| *Dassen et al. (2018b) | OW–WMT11 OW–C | T1.51 T2.34 T1.40 T2.36 | 47.97 (10.69) | 74.7 | T1.30.96 (3.64) T2.29.95 (3.46) T1.30.49 (3.97) T2.30.17 (4.14) | Working Memory Training | 2–Back Task | 25 session | – | – | OW–WMT↑ | – | 66.7% |
| Davis et al. (2007a) | OW–HE12 OW–LE13 OW–NE14 | 32 33 29 |
9.2 (0.84) | 60 | z–score 2.1 (0.4) | Weight Loss Program: Aerobic Exercise | CAS15: Planning Subscales for EF | 15 weeks | OW–HE↑ | – | – | – | 66.7% |
| Davis et al. (2011) | OW–HE OW–LE OW–NE | 56 55 60 |
9.3 (1.0) | 56 | z–score 2.1 (0.4) | Weight Loss Program: Aerobic exercise | CAS: Planning Subscales for EF | 13 weeks | OW–HE↑ | – | – | – | 75.0% |
| Deckers et al. (2017) | OB NW | T1.545 T2.190 T1.1262 T2.834 | T1.58 (15) T2.48.9 (16.2) T1.48.9 (16.2) T2.46.7 (14.9) | I.58 II.59 I.46 II.43 | T1.31.2 (3.9) T2.28.7 (2.4) T1.24.9 (2.5) T2.24.8 (2.4) | – | Concept Shifting Test | 6 years12 years | OB = NW = | – | – | OB = NW = | 83.3% |
| Demos et al. (2017) | OB–WL NW | 37 30 |
46.95 (7.9) 43.97 (8.9) | 100 100 |
T1.33.5 (3.9) T1.22.7 (1.8) | Weight Loss Program | Food Choice Decision Making Task | 12–16 weeks | OB–WL↑ | – | – | – | 83.3% |
| Galioto et al. (2015) | OB–Bar | 72 | 43.55 (10.21) | 81.7 | T1.46.32 (5.51) T2.30.18 (5.25) | Bariatric Surgery | Digit Span Switching of Attention Task Verbal Interference Verbal Fluency | 12 months | OB–Bar↑ | OB–Bar↑ | OB–Bar↑ | OB–Bar↑ | 91.7% |
| *Galioto et al. (2016) | OB | 23 | 50.35 (15.11) | 68 | 44.21 (8.82) | Weight Loss Program | Dot Counting Task N–Back Task Set Shifting Task Unstructured Task Flanker Task | 8 weeks | – | OB↑ | OB = | OB↑ | 100.0% |
| *Kulendran et al. (2014) | OB–WL | 53 | 14.28 (1.15) | 60 | T1.33.75 (7.9) | Weight Loss Program | Stop–Signal Task Delay Discounting Task | 2–8 weeks | – | OB–WL↑ | – | – | 83.3% |
| * Kulendran et al. (2017) | OB–Bar | 45 | 43.42 (13.06) | 31 | T1.44.25 (6.34) T2.35.51 (7.08) | Bariatric Surgery | Stop–Signal Task (food–cue) Temporal Discounting Task | 6 months | – | OB–Bar↑ | – | – | 75.0% |
| *Pauli-Pott et al. (2010) | OW | 111 | 11.1 (2.0) | 57 | 95° percentile | Weight Loss Program | Go/No–Go Task Interference Task | 1 year | – | OW↑ | – | – | 91.7% |
| Pearce et al. (2017) | OB–Bar OB–C NW | 10 14 12 |
17 (1.37) 16.42 (1.35) 16.51 (1.27) | 60 71 50 |
T1.47.18 (6.98) T1.45.32 (8.19) T1.21.57 (2.59) | Bariatric Surgery | Verbal N–Back Test Ballon analog risk task | 4 months | OB–Bar = OB–C = NW = | – | OB–Bar = OB–C = NW = | (DM area shows a reduction of activation in OB–Bar after the surgery) | 83.3% |
| Raman et al. (2018) | OB–CRT OB–C | 42 38 |
40.6 (2.4) 42.2 (8.8) | 86 | 39.2 (7.4) 40.3 (7.8) | Computerized Cognitive Remediation Therapy | WCST TMT | 8 weeks 3 months | – | – | – | OB–CRT ↑OB–C = | 83.3% |
| *Spitznagel et al. (2013) | OB–Bar | 84 | 44.75 (9.99) | 79.8 | T1.46.13 (5.80) T2.37.46 (4.99) T3.31.07 (6.44) | Bariatric Surgery | Switching of Attention Task Digit Span Maze Task | I.12 weeks II. 12 months | I.OB–Bar = II.OB–Bar↑ | – | I.OB–Bar = II.OB–Bar↑ | I.OB–Bar = II.OB–Bar↑ | 75.0% |
| *Spitznagel et al. (2014) | OB–Bar | 55 | 45 (10.28) | 87.3 | T1.45.11 (5.11) T2.37.23 (4.76) T3.31.69 (5.84) | Bariatric Surgery | Digit Span Switching of Attention Verbal Interference Verbal Fluency Maze Task | 12 weeks 36 months | OB–Bar↑ | OB–Bar = | OB–Bar↑ | OB–Bar = | 83.3% |
| *Stinson et al. (2018) | OW | 46 | 37.2 (10.2) | 24 | 28.3 (6.7) | – | IGT WCST SCWT | 32 ± 25 months | OW = | OW↓ | – | OW = | 100.0% |
| Vantieghem et al. (2018) | OB–WL NW | 62 30 |
15.8 (1.8) 16 (1.1) | 71 47 |
T1.39.9 (8.19) T2.32.21 (7.14) 20.95 (2.11) | Weight Loss Program | SCWT | 30 weeks | – | OB–WL↑ | – | – | 83.3% |
| Verbeken et al. (2013) | OB–EFT18 OB–C | 22 22 |
11.50 (1.60) 11.41 (1.93) | 50 41 |
Adjusted BMI T1. 131.58 (21.70) T1. 132.91 (15.98) | Executive Function Training | Corsi Block–Tapping Task Stop–Signal Task | Post–Test 8 weeks 12 weeks | OB–EFT ↑ OB–C = | – | – | – | 58.3% |
| Witbracht et al. (2012) | OB | 29 | 32.7 (9.2) | 100 | 32 (2.6) | Weight Loss Program | IGT | 12 weeks | OB↑ | – | – | – | 83.3% |
| Xie et al. (2017) | OB–WL OB–C | 30 28 |
15.07 (0.83) 15.18 (0.39) | 27 36 |
T1.32.83 (3.84) T2.29.19 (3.52) T1.30.90 (1.95) T2.30.47 (2.13) | Weight Loss Program | Flanker Task | 4 weeks | – | OB–WL↑OB–C = | – | – | 75.0% |
| *Xu et al. (2017) | OB–WL | 31 | 18.2 (3.2) | 39 | 34.4 (4.8) | Weight Loss Program | SCWT | 4 weeks program | – | OB–WL ↑ | – | – | 83.3% |
*
EF-predicted weight loss.
a
Percentage of females.
b
Body Mass Index. ↑, Better performance after treatment; ↓, Worse performance after treatment. No differences.
1
OB-CRT, Obese and in Cognitive Remediation Therapy Treatment;
2
OB-C, Obese-Control (No treatment group);
3
WCST, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test;
4
TMT, Trail Making Test;
5
OB-AD, Obese with history of Alzheimer's;
6
OB-NAD, Obese with no history of Alzheimer's;
7
OB-Bar, Obese and subjected to bariatric surgery;
8
LD, Loss Data;
9
CANTAB, Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery;
10
OB-WL, Obese and subjected to a weight-loss programme;
11
OB-WMT, Obese and subjected to Working Memory Training;
12
OW-HE, Overweight and subjected to high-exercise training;
13
OW-LW, Overweight and subjected to low-exercise training;
14
OW-NE, Overweight with no exercise training;
15
CAS, Cognitive Assessment System;
16 SCWT, Stroop Color-Word Task;
17 IGT, Iowa Gambling Task (for decision-making);
18
OB-EFT, Obese and subjected to Executive Function Training.