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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2020 Nov 1.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Pollut. 2019 Aug 5;254(Pt A):113010. doi: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113010

Table 2.

Adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for ASD associated with each pollutant birth address exposure.

PM2.5 PM10 NO2 O3
Exposure window HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI) HR (95% CI)
Entire pregnancy 1.17 (1.04–1.33) 1.01 (0.89–1.15) 1.05 (0.91–1.20) 1.10 (0.95–1.26)
First trimester 1.10 (1.02–1.19) 1.00 (0.92–1.10) 1.03 (0.95–1.11) 0.97 (0.91–1.02)
Second trimester 1.06 (0.97–1.14) 1.02 (0.93–1.12) 1.01 (0.93–1.09) 1.03 (0.97–1.10)
Third trimester 1.08 (1.00–1.18) 1.00 (0.91–1.10) 1.02 (0.94–1.11) 1.05 (0.99–1.11)
First year of life 1.21 (1.05–1.40) 1.06 (0.92–1.22) 1.12 (0.97–1.30) 0.94 (0.80–1.11)

Separate models were estimated for each time window, adjusted for birth year, KPSC medical center service areas, maternal age, parity, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal education, census tract median household income, maternal history of comorbidities before pregnancy (≥1 diagnosis of heart, lung, kidney, liver disease or cancer), child sex, and family specified as a random effect. Hazard ratios were scaled per 6.5 µg/m3 PM2.5; per 16.1µg/m3 PM10; per 10.4 ppb NO2; and per 15.7 ppb O3. ASD = autism spectrum disorder; PM2.5 = particulate matter <2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter; PM10 = particulate matter <10 µm, NO2 = nitrogen dioxide; O3 = ozone