Table 2. Baseline characteristics of the study population stratified by T2DM management status.
| Variables | Well-managed (n = 90) | Poorly-managed (n = 152) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | 58.78 ± 8.72 | 58.72 ± 8.42 | 0.962‡ |
| Sex | 0.668† | ||
| Female | 30 (39.5) | 46 (60.5) | |
| Male | 60 (36.1) | 106 (63.9) | |
| Clinical characteristics | |||
| Frequency of Physician appointment | 0.185† | ||
| Bi-monthly | 52 (41.3) | 74 (58.7) | |
| Monthly | 38 (32.8) | 78 (67.2) | |
| Treatments | |||
| Metformin | 88 (40.4) | 130 (59.6) | 0.001† |
| Sulphonylureas | 32 (21.9) | 114 (78.1) | <0.0001† |
| Statins | 20 (17.5) | 94 (82.5) | <0.0001† |
| Duration of T2DM (years) | 4.76 ± 4.35 | 4.98 ± 3.21 | 0.653‡ |
| Anthropometry and haemodynamic characteristics | |||
| Height (m) | 1.68 ± 0.07 | 1.64 ± 0.08 | 0.0010‡ |
| Weight (kg) | 79.45 ± 11.98 | 68.74 ± 12.34 | <0.0001‡ |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28.54 ± 5.62 | 25.47 ± 3.96 | <0.0001‡ |
| SBP (mmHg) | 138.22 ± 14.94 | 134.29 ± 15.76 | 0.057‡ |
| DBP (mmHg) | 83.78 ± 8.87 | 79.18 ± 14.55 | 0.007‡ |
| Biochemical profile | |||
| FBG (mmol/l) | 6.78 ±0.68 | 10.06 ±1.54 | 0.003 |
| HbA1c (%) | 6.94 ±0.67 | 10.01 ± 1.36 | <0.0001‡ |
| TC (mmol/l) | 5.56 ±1.21 | 5.60 ±1.27 | 0.889‡ |
| TG (mmol/l) | 1.53 ±0.46 | 1.56 ±0.74 | 0.824‡ |
| HDL-C (mmol/l) | 1.29 ±0.23 | 1.25 ±0.20 | 0.407‡ |
| LDL-C (mmol/l) | 3.96 ±1.08 | 4.02 ±1.15 | 0.827‡ |
| ALT (IU/L) | 9.49 ±7.47 | 10.54 ±8.85 | 0.594‡ |
| AST (IU/L) | 10.04 ±8.17 | 10.00 ± 6.38 | 0.976‡ |
| ALP (IU/L) | 120.68 ±50.96 | 125.56 ±62.75 | 0.721‡ |
| Albumin (g/L) | 39.59 ±3.03 | 44.24 ±26.06 | 0.292‡ |
| TP (g/L) | 64.13 ±3.13 | 62.92 ±5.74 | 0.276‡ |
Well-managed T2DM; HbA1c < 8%, Poorly-managed T2DM; HbA1c ≥ 8.0%, BMI; Body mass index, SBP; Systolic blood pressure, DBP; Diastolic blood pressure, FBG; Fasting blood glucose, HbA1c; Glycated haemoglobin, TC; Total cholesterol, TG; Triglyceride, HDL-C; High density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL-C; Low density lipoprotein cholesterol, ALT; Alanine transaminase; AST; Aspartate transaminase, ALP; Alkaline phosphatase, TP; Total protein, p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant (p-values of significant variables in bold print)
‡; Independent t-test
†; Fisher exact test