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. 2019 Oct 1;10(5):949–963. doi: 10.14336/AD.2019.0120

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Copyright: © 2019 Li et al.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Figure 4. — Metformin treatment impaired spatial memory function and decreased anxiety in young male normoglycemic mice. Morris water maze (MWM) test (A to D) demonstrated metformin treatment impaired delayed spatial memory: session wise time (%) (A) and average time (%) (B) spent in annulus 40 across probe trials 2,4,5,7 and 9. (C) Delayed spatial memory measured as time (%) spent in annulus 40 in session 10 in MWM test. (D) Representative path of control (CTL) and metformin (MET) treated mice in session 10 in MWM test. Discriminative avoidance test (E & F) demonstrated that metformin treatment impaired acquisition, cognitive flexibility and delayed reversal performance. Trials (n) to reach avoidance criterion (E) and trials (n) to reach discrimination criterion (F) in discriminative avoidance test. Elevated Zero maze test demonstrated that metformin treatment decreased anxiety. Time (s) spent in open arms (G) and representative path of CTL) and MET mice (H). Each value represents mean ± SEM, n=10. *p<0.05 compared to control.