Fig. 4.

Pharmacological modulation of EGFR and PPARγ activity potentiates organoid differentiation. a Representative phase contrast and immunofluorescence images of proliferative (P) and differentiated (D) organoids cultured in the presence of drugs modulating PPARγ (Roziglitazone, Rz) or EGFR activity (Erlotinib, Erlo) (scale bars: brightfield, 500 μm; immunofluorescence, 250 μm). b Quantification of lumen formation (Mann–Whitney test), Ki67, UPK3a, and cleaved-caspase-3 expression (Bonferroni test) in organoids cultured as described in panel a. c Heatmap representing RT–qPCR expression analysis of cell cycle and canonical urothelial differentiation markers in P or D organoids treated with Rz + Erlotinib, and with the PPARγ inverse agonist T0070907 (n = 2). *p ≤ 0.05, **p ≤ 0.01; ***p ≤ 0.001. Source data are provided as a Source Data file