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. 2019 Sep 27;9:13988. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50497-2

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Southern Ocean migration pathways for humpback whales satellite-tracked off the western coast of Australia showing the full extent of southbound tracks. Individual whales (n = 12) are represented by colour. Relevant IWC Management Areas III, IV, and V, (demarcated at 70° and 130°E) are shown in turquoise. Three areas for an East Antarctic Representative System of Marine Protected Areas proposed by Australia, the European Union and its Member States are shown in magenta: MacRobertson, Drygalski and D’Urville Sea–Mertz. Black line vectors show the CCAMLR Statistical areas (https://gis.ccamlr.org/), and the Exclusive Economic Zones (dashed lines) around the Kerguelen Islands (France) and Heard Island and MacDonald Islands (HIMI, Australia). The climatological positions of the major ACC fronts⁹⁰ are shown in navy. Background shading shows bathymetry⁹¹. Abbreviations: NKP – northern Kerguelen plateau; SKP – southern Kerguelen plateau; WA – Western Australia.