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. 2019 Sep 27;9:13983. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-50542-0

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Drug effects on colon histology (n = 6 for each group). (A) All treatments were able to protect colonic mucosa structure, ameliorating the mucosal integrity and crypt structure and improving the epithelial surface compared with the DSS-treated group. (B) Control colon sections showed an intact epithelium, well‐defined crypt length, no edema in the mucosa and submucosa, and no ulcers or erosions. In contrast, colon tissue from the DSS group showed severe inflammatory lesions throughout the mucosa and loss of crypt architecture. Data are means ± SEM and * indicates p < 0.05. ALAC = alpha-lactoalbumin; Na Bu = sodium butyrate; CTRL = control; DSS = dextran sulfate sodium; MSZ = mesalazine; PTZ = pentylenetetrazol; VPA = valproic acid.