Fig. 4.

Morphological stability and electrochemical performance. a Snapshots of the Li/electrolyte interface from time-resolved optical visualization experiments. Snapshots in the first row are results for lithium coated with the synthesized solid polymer interphase; the second row shows results with the uncoated lithium electrode. In both cases the electrolyte is 1 M LiPF₆ in EC/DMC (50/50) and the current density is 4 mA cm⁻². The lithium metal anode is on the left side of each micrograph, while the counter Li electrode is on the right side (not shown here). In the first row, the polymer layer is not in focus. The scale-bars represent 100 μm. b Average height of the Li electrodeposit as a function of time. c, d Voltage profiles for Li||NCM batteries, the lithium anode is coated with the solid polymer interphase for C-rates of C/5 and C/2 respectively. The electrolyte used is 0.6 M LiTFSI, 0.4 M LiBOB 0.05 LiPF₆ in EC/DMC