Mean scaling exponents for the scaling of muscle architectural parameters by muscle functional group. (A) Muscle mass, fascicle length, length and muscle physiological cross-sectional area (PCSA). (B) Ratio of muscle fascicle length:muscle length (FL:ML) and ratio of muscle mass:PCSA. Bars represent the range of scaling exponents within each functional category where the number of muscles within that category >1. Horizontal dashed lines represent predicted isometric scaling exponents for each of: (A) mass (M1.0), area (M0.67) and length (M0.33), (B) FL:ML (no scaling relationship) and mass:PCSA (M0.33). Functional groups on horizontal axis: HE, hip extensors; KF, knee flexors; HF, hip flexors; KE, knee extensors; AE, ankle extensors; DF, digital Flexors; AF, ankle flexors; DE, digital extensors.