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. 2019 Sep 23;146(18):dev177618. doi: 10.1242/dev.177618

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© 2019. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium provided that the original work is properly attributed.

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Fig. 2. — Pax9 loss causes aberrations in pharyngeal arch artery formation. (A-C) Coronal views of control (Pax9^+/+) and mutant (Pax9^–/–) embryos at E10.5 (30-40 s), examined by high-resolution episcopic microscopy. (A) In Pax9^+/+ control embryos (n=5), the 3rd, 4th and 6th PAAs are of equal size and bilaterally symmetrical. (B,C) In Pax9^–/– embryos (n=4), the 4th PAAs were bilaterally absent (asterisk), the 3rd PAAs and aortic sac (as) were hypoplastic, and the 1st and/or 2nd PAAs abnormally persisted. (D-F) Intracardiac ink injection into E10.5-E11.0 (31-42 s) embryos. (D) In control embryos (n=12), PAAs 3-6 are patent to ink, are of equivalent diameter and are bilaterally symmetrical. (E,F) In Pax9^–/– embryos (n=12), the 3rd PAAs are hypoplastic and the 4th PAAs are non-patent to ink (asterisk). (F) The 1st and 2nd PAAs are persisting anomalously. (G-I) Immunostaining using anti-Pecam1 antibody at E10.5 (31-36 s). (G) Control embryos (n=3) have a ring of Pecam1-positive endothelium lining the 3rd and 4th PAAs. (H,I) In Pax9^–/– embryos (n=5), the 3rd PAAs are visibly smaller and disorganized endothelial cells are within the 4th pharyngeal arch (pa; arrows). Somite counts (s) are indicated. Scale bars: 100 μm. The somite numbers given in the legend reflect the range analysed for the whole study. The figure contains representative images only.