Table 1. Descriptive statistics for sample characteristics (N = 94).

	M	SD
Child age (years)	7.03	1.29
Parental education (years)	14.14	2.64
Family income-to-needs ratio	2.68	2.79
Letter-Word Identification subtest standard score	110.72	13.90
Word Attack subtest standard score	109.05	11.77
Passage Comprehension subtest standard score	103.40	11.75
	%	n
Child sex (female)	60.64	57
Child race/ethnicity
African American, non-Hispanic/Latino	30.85	29
Hispanic/Latino	50.00	47
White, non-Hispanic/Latino	13.83	13
Other	5.32	5
Family income below U.S. poverty thresholda	29.79	28
Parent proficient in a second languageb	55.29	47
Child exposed to a second language but not proficientc	26.09	24
Child proficient in a second languagec	15.22	14

^adefined as an income-to-needs ratio < 1.00

^bdata for 8 families were missing

^cdata for 2 families were missing