Table 4.

Relevant quantitative studies and their contributions to understanding health inequalities among people of African descent in the Americas.

Ref. Num.	Author	Country	Study Design	Level of Evidence	Study Contribution
[13]	González-Guzmán, R. et al., 2010	Mexico	Retrospective cohort study.	Robust	Triple inequality: “Class, ethnicity, and gender”.
[14]	Del Popolo, F. (Ed.) 2005	Chile	Descriptive studies (compilation).	Moderate	Statistical information on people of African descent and use of the ethnicity variable in censuses.
[15]	Anton, J. et al., 2009	Chile	Descriptive studies (compilation).	Robust	Statistical visibility of people of African descent.
[16]	Landmann-Szwarcwald, C. et al., 2016	Brazil	Special issue of the International Journal for Equity in Health about inequities in Brazil.	Robust	Nationwide health surveys as a source of data for inequality research.
[17]	Sanders, A.E. et al., 2008	USA	Longitudinal social-epidemiological study.	Robust	Resilient environments as a protective factor.
[20]	Villamizar-Santamaría, S.F. 2015	Colombia	Estimation of dissimilarity indices and location coefficients for spatial analysis of racial segregation.	Robust	Ethnic/racial inequalities as expressed by spatial segregation rates.
[24]	Baidoobonso, S. et al., 2013	Canada	Mixed-methods study.	Robust	Ethnic inequalities and high-risk behaviors in HIV.
[25]	Clark, C. et al., 2009	USA	Prospective cohort study.	Robust	Quality of health care provided to African-American women with cancer.
[29]	Laveist, T. et al., 2011	USA	Comparative study of black and white persons exposed to equal living conditions.	Robust	Ethnic inequalities in health under similar socioeconomic conditions.
[30]	Trivedi, A.N. et al., 2011	USA	Evaluation of organizational changes in health services.	Robust	Ethnic inequalities and non-communicable diseases.
[33]	Majhail, N.S. et al., 2012	USA	Review of the association between access to hematopoietic cell transplantation and ethnicity.	Robust	Ethnic inequalities in timely access to hematopoietic cell transplantation.
[35]	Johnson-Lawrence, V. et al., 2013	USA	Covariance study of mood, chronic conditions, and ethnicity.	Robust	Ethnic inequalities, anxiety disorders, and chronic disease.
[36]	Celeste, R.K. et al., 2013	Brazil	Longitudinal cross-sectional study on ethnic inequalities.	Robust	Ethnic inequalities and social determinants of oral health.
[39]	Linton, S.L. et al., 2015	USA	Variance and georeferencing study.	Robust	Ethnic disparities in HIV and injectable drug use.
[40]	Grace, S.L. et al., 2016	Canada	Cross-sectional analytical study on the relationship between access to mental health services and ethnicity.	Robust	Ethnic-cultural differences, psychosocial distress, and access to mental health services.
[67]	Colombian Ministry of Health and Social Protection. 2015	Colombia	Methodological guideline for measurement of inequalities.	Robust	Methodologies for measurement of ethnic inequalities.
[72]	Argüelles Enríquez, E. et al., 2017	Mexico	Estimation of marginalization rates and spatial correlations thereof.	Robust	Marginalization rates, spatial correlation, and people of African descent.

Source: Own work.