Table 3.

Determinants of health literacy of people living in rural areas (N = 440).

	Bivariate Model		Multivariate Model
	B (95% CI)	p-Value	B (95% CI)	p-Value
Age
18–39	Reference		Reference
40−59	−0.92 (−2.68, 0.84)	0.306	0.82 (−0.61, 2.25)	0.259
≥60	−4.98 (−8.06, −1.89)	0.002	−2.31 (−4.89, 0.28)	0.080
Gender
Women	Reference		Reference
Men	3.90 (2.24, 5.57)	<0.001	0.14 (−1.40, 1.67)	0.860
Ethnicity
Kinh (Vietnamese)	Reference		Reference
Ethnic minority	1.10 (−1.33, 3.53)	0.376	1.43 (−0.51, 3.37)	0.148
Marital status
Never married	Reference		Reference
Married	−8.52 (−10.97, −6.07)	<0.001	−3.12 (−5.69, −0.56)	0.017
Education attainment
Illiterate	Reference		Reference
Elementary School	3.73 (1.49, 5.97)	0.001	3.41 (1.33, 5.49)	0.001
Secondary School	8.89 (6.76, 11.03)	<0.001	7.11 (5.07, 9.15)	<0.001
High School	11.79 (9.55, 14.03)	<0.001	7.64 (5.31, 9.97)	<0.001
Vocational/University	15.43 (11.91, 18.95)	<0.001	10.44 (6.67, 14.22)	<0.001
Occupation
Agroforestry	Reference		Reference
Others (Officers/Small trade/Craft/Housework)	3.13 (1.12, 5.14)	0.002	−1.21 (−3.10, 0.68)	0.209
Ability to pay for medication
Very difficult	Reference		Reference
Fairly difficult	5.55 (3.75, 7.34)	<0.001	4.17 (2.51, 5.83)	<0.001
Fairly easy	9.70 (7.53, 11.88)	<0.001	5.64 (3.57, 7.72)	<0.001
Very easy	11.49 (8.36, 14.62)	<0.001	9.89 (6.97, 12.80)	<0.001
Social status
Low	Reference		Reference
Middle or High	4.53 (2.84, 6.22)	<0.001	1.37 (−0.13, 2.87)	0.073
Tendency to view health-related TV/radio
Never	Reference		Reference
Rarely	6.19 (3.52, 8.87)	<0.001	5.23 (2.97, 7.49)	<0.001
Sometimes	5.75 (3.30, 8.20)	<0.001	4.13 (2.10, 6.16)	<0.001
Often	6.63 (3.69, 9.57)	<0.001	6.15 (3.70, 8.60)	<0.001
Community involvement
Never	Reference		Reference
Rarely	−0.91 (−3.30, 1.48)	0.454	−0.43 (−2.38, 1.51)	0.662
Sometimes	1.99 (−0.02, 3.99)	0.052	−0.63 (−2.31, 1.05)	0.460
Often	4.21 (1.36, 7.05)	0.004	2.05 (−0.43, 4.53)	0.105

Abbreviations: B, regression coefficient; CI, confidence interval; TV, television.