Table 2.
The mean daily intakes of energy and macronutrients estimated by a validated food frequency questionnaire administered to 283 pregnant Jordanian women.
| Energy and Macronutrients | All Participants (n = 283) |
First Trimester (n = 50) |
Second Trimester (n = 96) |
Third Trimester (n = 137) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | |||||
| Energy (kcal/day) | 2768.9 ± 767.8 | 2611.5 ± 580.0 a | 2632.6 ± 606.1 a | 2922.0 ± 893.7 b | 0.015 |
| Energy from proteins (%) | 13.7 ± 1.7 | 13.7 ± 1.8 | 13.5 ± 1.8 | 13.7 ± 1.6 | 0.670 |
| Energy from carbohydrates (%) | 53.7 ± 5.1 | 52.8 ± 5.1 | 53.4 ± 5.4 | 54.3 ± 4.8 | 0.119 |
| Energy from fats (%) | 34.6 ± 4.8 | 35.5 ± 4.4 b | 35.2 ± 5.2 ab | 33.8 ± 4.5 a | 0.044 |
| Energy from saturated fats (%) | 10.2 ± 2.2 | 10.7 ± 2.6 | 10.40 ± 2.2 | 9.9 ± 2.1 | 0.069 |
| Energy from monounsaturated fats (%) | 8.3 ± 3.1 | 9.2 ± 3.0 b | 8.8± 3.0 ab | 7.7 ± 3.1 a | 0.002 |
| Energy from polyunsaturated fats (%) | 4.5 ± 1.7 | 5.0 ± 2.1 b | 4.7 ± 1.7 ab | 4.2 ± 1.5 a | 0.020 |
| Proteins (g/day) | 94.3 ± 25.9 | 89.2 ± 21.4 a | 89.3 ± 22.8 a | 99.6 ± 24.5 b | 0.009 |
| Total Carbohydrates (g/day) | 371.4 ± 108.6 | 343.8 ± 79.0 a | 350.8 ± 89.0 a | 396.0 ± 24.5 b | 0.002 |
| Dietary Fiber (g/day) | 26.9 ± 9.3 | 25.9 ± 8.0 | 25.1 ± 7.3 | 28.5 ± 10.7 | 0.069 |
| Sugar (g/day) | 137.460.6 | 125.3 ± 44.8 a | 128.0 ±54.4 a | 148.4 ± 67.7 b | 0.043 |
| Fats (g/day) | 107.9 ± 35.2 | 104.4 ± 27.9 | 104.0 ± 28.6 | 111.8 ± 41.2 | 0.431 |
| Saturated Fats (g/day) | 31.5 ± 11.2 | 31.1 ± 9.6 | 30.6±10.1 | 32.3 ± 12.5 | 0.733 |
| Monounsaturated Fats (g/day) | 25.4 ± 12.1 | 26.4 ± 10.0 | 25.6 ± 9.7 | 24.9 ± 14.1 | 0.338 |
| Polyunsaturated Fats (g/day) | 13.7 ± 6.2 | 14.4 ± 6.3 | 13.5 ± 5.0 | 13.6 ± 7.0 | 0.668 |
| Trans-Fats (g/day) | 0.95 ± 0.12 | 0.7 ± 0.20 | 1.2 ± 0.4 | 0.72 ± 0.24 | 0.694 |
| Cholesterol (mg/day) | 208.5 ± 95.8 | 199.1 ± 80.7 | 199.4 ± 99.6 | 218.2 ± 97.8 | 0.164 |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids (g/day) | 0.73 ± 0.31 | 0.70 ± 0.22 | 0.74 ± 0.23 | 0.71 ± 0.34 | 0.773 |
| Omega-6 Fatty Acids (g/day) | 9.2 ± 5.1 | 10.2 ± 5.4 | 9.3 ± 4.4 | 8.7± 5.5 | 0.159 |
SD: Standard deviation. One-way ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD post hoc test were used. Data were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Means within the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different.