Table 3.
The proportions of pregnant women that reported energy and the micronutrient intakes and protein, carbohydrate, and fat intakes as percentages of energy below or above the corresponding dietary reference intakes.
| First Trimester (n = 50) |
Second Trimester (n = 96) |
Third Trimester (n = 137) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Energy and Macronutrients | DRI | % Below DRI | % Above DRI | DRI | % Below DRI | % Above DRI | DRI | % Below DRI | % Above DRI |
| EER (kcal/day) * | 2004.6 ± 171.4 | 54.0 | 46.0 | 2251.1 ± 126.2 | 54.7 | 45.3 | 2352.8 ± 123.2 | 52.8 | 48.2 |
| Energy from proteins (%) | 10–35 | 2.0 | 0 | 10–35 | 3.2 | 0 | 10–35 | 0 | 0 |
| EPR (g/day) * | 71.6 ± 15.1 | 56.0 | 44.0 | 94.4 ± 12.2 | 56.3 | 43.7 | 95.6 ± 11.6 | 48.2 | 51.8 |
| Energy from carbohydrates (%) | 45–65 | 2.0 | 2.0 | 45–65 | 4.2 | 2.1 | 45–65 | 3.6 | 1.5 |
| Carbohydrates | 175 | 0 | 100 | 175 | 0 | 100 | 175 | 0 | 100.0 |
| Dietary Fiber (g/day) | 28 | 74.0 | 26.0 | 28 | 69.8 | 30.2 | 28 | 54.0 | 46.0 |
| Energy from fats (%) | 20–35 | 0 | 60.0 | 20–35 | 0 | 54.2 | 20–35 | 0 | 37.2 |
Abbreviation: SD: standard deviation; DRI: dietary reference intake; EER: estimated energy requirement. EER calculated with the following formula: 354 − (6.91 × age) + physical activity coefficient × (9.36 × pre-pregnancy weight (kg)) + (726 × height (m)), to which an additional 340 or 452 kcal were added in the second and third trimesters, receptively [12]. EPR: estimated protein requirement (1.1 g/kg or pre-pregnancy weight for the first half of pregnancy and 1.1 g/kg of pre-pregnancy weight + 25 g for the second half) [12]. * Data were represented as Mean ± SD.