Table 4.
The mean daily intake of total micronutrient intakes from food alone estimated by a validated food frequency questionnaire administered to 283 pregnant Jordanian women.
| Micronutrients | All Participants (n = 283) |
First Trimester (n = 50) |
Second Trimester (n = 96) |
Third Trimester (n = 137) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | |||||
| Vitamin A-RAE (μg/day) | 637.2 ± 23.8 | 687.8 ± 65.0 | 573.4 ± 36.7 | 663.4 ± 34.3 | 0.230 |
| Thiamin (mg/day) | 1.9 ± 0.66 | 1.8 ± 0.57 | 1.8 ± 0.63 | 2.0 ± 0.71 | 0.221 |
| Riboflavin (mg/day) | 2.0 ± 0.69 | 1.9 ± 0.56 | 1.9 ± 0.65 | 2.1 ± 0.75 | 0.066 |
| Niacin (mg/day) | 18.1 ± 5.6 | 17.4 ± 4.8 | 17.3 ± 5.1 | 19.0 ± 6.1 | 0.053 |
| Niacin, NE (mg/day) | 25.7 ± 8.0 | 25.1 ± 6.9 | 24.6 ± 7.7 | 26.7 ± 8.5 | 0.223 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 1.1 ± 0.44 | 1.2 ± 0.47 | 1.1 ± 0.40 | 1.1 ± 0.46 | 0.402 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/day) | 2.4 ± 1.5 | 2.2 ± 1.4 | 2.2 ± 1.3 | 2.7 ± 1.7 | 0.054 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 191.8 ± 120.8 | 190.1±121.1 | 173.1 ± 108.5 | 205.5 ± 127.8 | 0.182 |
| Vitamin D (IU/day) | 68.0 ± 4.0 | 77.7 ± 11.4 | 67.7 ± 6.8 | 64.7 ± 5.3 | 0.772 |
| Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) (mg/day) | 6.7 ± 2.9 | 7.3 ± 3.1 | 6.2 ± 2.0 | 6.8 ± 3.1 | 0.078 |
| Folate DFE (μg/day) | 579.2 ± 220.7 | 586.4 ± 187.6 | 554.4 ± 214.2 | 594.0 ± 235.7 | 0.446 |
| Folic acid(μg/day) | 212.0 ±92.2 | 199.6 ± 84.4 | 203.2 ± 89.8 | 222.7 ± 96.0 | 0.412 |
| Vitamin K(μg/day) | 182.0 ±130.5 | 196.0 ± 113.9 b | 154.4 ± 107.6 a | 196.2 ± 147.4 b | 0.045 |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 1072.8 ± 443.2 | 1047.6 ± 428.9 ab | 981.3 ± 405.6 a | 1146.2 ± 463.1 b | 0.021 |
| Copper (mg/day) | 1.1± 0.48 | 1.1 ± 0.46 | 1.1 ± 0.45 | 1.0 ± 0.51 | 0.462 |
| Iodine (μg/day) | 66.0 ± 46.4 | 61.1± 54.1 | 62.8 ± 46.4 | 70.1± 43.3 | 0.207 |
| Iron (mg/day) | 14.9 ± 4.3 | 14.1 ± 3.9 | 14.4 ± 3.7 | 15.4 ± 4.3 | 0.211 |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 257.9 ± 95.9 | 265.8 ± 93.8 | 255.9 ± 87.0 | 256.4 ± 102.9 | 0.701 |
| Phosphorus (mg/day) | 882.3 ± 321.4 | 881.2 ± 309.5 | 852.5 ± 307.3 | 903.6 ± 335.6 | 0.525 |
| Potassium (mg/day) | 2882.4 ± 1035.6 | 2930.8 ± 941.5 | 2730.8 ± 915.6 | 2970.9 ± 1137.6 | 0.296 |
| Selenium (μg/day) | 74.9 ± 30.4 | 74.2 ± 28.5 | 71.9 ± 32.9 | 77.2 ± 30.4 | 0.300 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | 3716.5 ± 1297.5 | 3608.9 ± 1258.6 ab | 3425.7 ± 998.6 a | 3959.6 ± 1449.2 b | 0.019 |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 6.6 ± 2.3 | 6.5 ± 2.2 | 6.6 ± 2.3 | 6.7 ± 2.4 | 0.896 |
Abbreviations: NE: niacin equivalent, SD: Standard deviation. One-way ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD post hoc test were used. Data were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Means within the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different.