Table 5.
The proportions of pregnant women that reported the micronutrient intakes from food alone below or above the corresponding dietary reference intakes.
| Micronutrients | EAR | UL | First Trimester | Second Trimester | Third Trimester | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % Below EAR | % Above UL | % Below EAR | % Above UL | % Below EAR | % Above UL | |||
| Vitamin A-RAE (μg/day) | 550 | 3000 | 58.0 | 0 | 60.4 | 0 | 47.4 | 0 |
| Thiamin (mg/day) | 1.2 | - | 22.0 | - | 21.9 | - | 24.1 | - |
| Riboflavin (mg/day) | 1.2 | - | 12.0 | - | 20.8 | - | 13.1 | - |
| Niacin (mg/day) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Niacin, NE (mg/day) | 14 | 35 | 8.0 | 10 | 5.2 | 10.4 | 7.3 | 13.9 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 1.6 | 100 | 84.0 | 0 | 89.6 | 0 | 83.2 | 0 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/day) | 2.2 | - | 66.0 | - | 63.5 | - | 46.7 | - |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 70 | 2000 | 6.0 | 0 | 17.7 | 0 | 10.9 | 0 |
| Vitamin D (IU/day) | 400 | 4000 | 100.0 | 0 | 99.0 | 0 | 100.0 | 0 |
| Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) (mg/day) | 12 | 1000 | 92.0 | 0 | 99.0 | 0 | 95.6 | 0 |
| Folate DFE (μg/day) | 520 | - | 28.0 | - | 45.8 | - | 34.3 | - |
| Folic acid(μg/day) | - | 1000 | - | 0 | - | 0 | - | 0 |
| Vitamin K(μg/day) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 800 | 2500 | 32.0 | 0 | 24.8 | 0 | 27.0 | 0.73 |
| Copper (mg/day) | 0.8 | 10 | 28.0 | 0 | 33.3 | 0 | 34.3 | 0 |
| Iodine (μg/day) | 160 | 1100 | 98.0 | 0 | 97.1 | 0 | 99.3 | 0 |
| Iron (mg/day) | 22 | 45 | 96.0 | 0 | 96.9 | 0 | 92.0 | 0 |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 290–300 | 350 | 72.0 | 18.0 | 66.7 | 15.6 | 70.8 | 13.1 |
| Phosphorus (mg/day) | 580 | 3500 | 16.0 | 0 | 21.9 | 0 | 16.8 | 0 |
| Potassium (mg/day) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Selenium (μg/day) | 49 | 400 | 20.0 | 0 | 30.2 | 0 | 25.5 | 0 |
| Sodium (mg/day) | - | 2300 | - | 88.0 | - | 86.5 | - | 92.0 |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 9.5 | 40 | 90.0 | 0 | 87.5 | 0 | 92.0 | 0 |
Abbreviations: DFE: dietary folate equivalent; RAE: retinol activity equivalents; NE: niacin equivalent. Abbreviations: EAR: Estimated Average Requirement; UL: upper intake limit; NE: niacin equivalent; UL: upper intake limit. When no EAR or UL was established for a nutrient, the “-” is used rater than 0.