Table 6.
The mean daily intake of total micronutrients (including food sources and supplements) obtained from a validated food frequency questionnaire administered to 283 pregnant Jordanian women.
| Micronutrients | All Participants (n = 283) | First Trimester (n = 50) |
Second Trimester (n = 96) |
Third Trimester (n = 137) |
p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean ± SD | |||||
| Thiamin (mg/day) | 2.1 ± 0.87 | 1.8 ± 0.57 a | 2.1± 0.63 ab | 2.2 ± 0.92 b | 0.043 |
| Riboflavin (mg/day) | 2.2 ± 0.90 | 1.9 ± 0.08 a | 2.1 ± 0.90 ab | 2.4 ± 0.95 b | 0.015 |
| Niacin, NE (mg/day) | 28.8 ± 10.9 | 25.1 ± 6.9 a | 28.4 ± 11.4 ab | 30.5 ± 11.5 b | 0.041 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 1.5 ± 0.86 | 1.2 ± 0.47 a | 1.4 ± 0.92 ab | 1.5 ± 0.92 b | 0.027 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg /day) | 2.9 ± 1.9 | 2.2 ± 1.4 a | 2.8 ± 1.8 ab | 3.2 ± 2.0 b | 0.004 |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 203.9 ± 123.4 | 190.1±121.1 | 187.7 ± 111.7 | 220.3 ± 130.5 | 0.152 |
| Vitamin D (IU/day) | 1381.9 ±70.8 | 213.7 ± 74.6 a | 1213.0 ± 121.7 b | 1926.6 ± 86.5 c | <0.001 |
| Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) (mg/day) | 6.7 ± 2.8 | 7.3 ± 3.1 | 9.3 ± 6.5 | 10.0 ± 7.1 | 0.163 |
| Folic acid (μg/day) | 1010.6 ±103.3 | 4327.6 ± 266.9 b | 286.6 ± 191.7 a | 307.3 ± 197.6 a | <0.001 |
| Vitamin K (μg/day) | 194.1 ±133.8 | 196.0 ± 113.9 | 169.0 ± 114.7 | 211.0 ± 150.1 | 0.103 |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 1403.7± 513.8 | 1067.6 ± 453.3 a | 1305.7 ± 489.6 b | 1595.1 ± 469.9 c | <0.001 |
| Copper (mg/day) | 1.2 ± 0.62 | 1.1 ± 0.46 | 1.3 ± 0.63 | 1.3 ± 0.65 | 0.610 |
| Iodine (μg/day) | 90.3 ± 76.2 | 61.1± 54.1 a | 91.9 ± 81.6 b | 99.7± 77.1 b | 0.016 |
| Iron (mg/day) | 41.5 ± 19.5 | 16.9 ± 11.1 a | 41.0± 18.3b | 50.8 ±14.0 c | <0.001 |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 283.9 ± 114.0 | 265.8 ± 93.8 | 278.2 ± 113.2 | 288.2 ± 121.2 | 0.465 |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 8.5 ± 5.0 | 6.5 ± 2.2 a | 8.9 ± 5.4 b | 9.0 ± 5.2 b | 0.036 |
Abbreviations: NE: niacin equivalent, SD: Standard deviation. One-way ANOVA and Fisher’s LSD post hoc test were used. Data were considered statistically significant at p < 0.05. Means within the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different.