Table 7.
The proportions of pregnant women that reported micronutrient intakes from food and supplements below or above the corresponding dietary reference intakes.
| Micronutrients | EAR | UL | First Trimester | Second Trimester | Third Trimester | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % Below EAR | % Above UL | % Below EAR | % Above UL | % Below EAR | % Above UL | |||
| Thiamin (mg/day) | 1.2 | - | 22.0 | - | 15.6 | - | 20.4 | - |
| Riboflavin (mg/day) | 1.2 | - | 12.0 | - | 16.7 | - | 13.1 | - |
| Niacin, NE (mg/day) | 14 | 35 | 8.0 | 10.0 | 4.2 | 21.9 | 7.3 | 30.7 |
| Vitamin B6 (mg/day) | 1.6 | 100 | 84.0 | 0 | 71.9 | 0 | 65.0 | 0 |
| Vitamin B12 (μg/day) | 2.2 | - | 66.0 | - | 52.1 | - | 39.4 | - |
| Vitamin C (mg/day) | 70 | 2000 | 6.0 | 0 | 15.6 | 0 | 10.2 | 0 |
| Vitamin D (IU/day) | 400 | 4000 | 92.0 | 0 | 53.1 | 0 | 21.2 | 0 |
| Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol) (mg/day) | 12 | 1000 | 92.0 | 0 | 78.1 | 0 | 75.9 | 0 |
| Folic acid (μg/day) | - | 1000 | - | 82.0 | - | 0 | - | 0 |
| Vitamin K (μg/day) | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - |
| Calcium (mg/day) | 800 | 2500 | 30.0 | 0 | 15.6 | 1.0 | 1.5 | 3.6 |
| Copper (mg/day) | 0.8 | 10 | 28.0 | 0 | 27.1 | 0 | 29.2 | 0 |
| Iodine (μg/day) | 160 | 1100 | 98.0 | 0 | 78.1 | 0 | 79.6 | 0 |
| Iron (mg/day) | 22 | 45 | 90.0 | 0 | 25.0 | 0 | 5.8 | 0 |
| Magnesium (mg/day) | 290–300 | 350 | 72.0 | 18.0 | 56.3 | 31.3 | 55.5 | 29.2 |
| Zinc (mg/day) | 9.5 | 40 | 90.0 | 0 | 68.8 | 0 | 72.3 | 0 |
Abbreviations: DFE: dietary folate equivalent; EAR: Estimated Average Requirement; RAE: retinol activity equivalents; NE: niacin equivalent; UL: upper intake limit. When no EAR or UL was established for a nutrient, the “-” is used rather than 0.