Table 5.

Gender effects on comparisons of frailty indicators and blood-based biomarkers between the frail and the non-frail phenotype [men (n = 42) and women (n = 76)].

Parameters	Men			Women
	Frail (n = 17)	Non-Frail (n = 25)	p-Value	Frail (n = 41)	Non-Frail (n = 35)	p-Value
Frailty indicators, n (%) Self-reported weight loss	6 (35.3)	0	-	12 (29.3)	0	-
** Weight difference (∆w, kg)	−3.09 ± 4.0	0.59 ± 1.7	<0.01	−1.88 ± 4.4	0.53 ± 1.7	<0.01
Self-reported exhaustion	13 (76.5)	0	-	27 (65.9)	0	-
** Exhaustion sum score	2.65 ± 1.8	0.12 ± 0.3	<0.01	1.93 ± 1.4	0.23 ± 0.4	<0.01
Weakness	14 (82.4)	0	-	36 (87.8)	0	-
** Grip strength, kg	20.6 ± 5.6	32.6 ± 5.7	<0.01	13.9 ± 4.5	20.9 ± 2.3	<0.01
Slow walking speed	6 (35.3)	0	-	31 (75.6)	0	-
** Walking speed, s	6.2 ± 1.4	4.0 ± 0.7	<0.01	7.7 ± 2.0	4.5 ± 0.8	<0.01
Decreased activity, kcal	14 (82.4)	0	-	36 (87.8)	0	-
** Physical activity, Kcal	363.8 ± 755.4	1481.2 ± 1382.9	<0.01	153.7 ± 273.0	985.5 ± 1391.0	<0.01
** Frailty score, mean ± SD	3.1 ± 0.3	0	<0.01	3.5 ± 0.6	0	<0.01
Frailty biomarkers, mean ± SE
** C-reactive protein, mg/L	0.47 ± 0.1	0.24 ± 0.04	0.005	0.75 ± 0.19	0.51 ± 0.07	0.001
* Interleukin-6, pg/mL	10.44 ± 3.7	5.69 ± 0.8	0.033	23.98 ± 11.4	5.88 ± 0.8	0.034
IGF-1, ng/mL	32.57 ± 1.0	29.57 ± 1.2	0.072	28.88 ± 1.1	27.69 ± 1.0	0.432
% CD4 + T cell	31.64 ± 8.1	36.86 ± 7.2	0.023*	34.66 ± 8.6	36.74 ± 9.6	0.309
% CD8 + T cell	18.63 ± 10.4	19.20 ± 7.1	0.822	21.11 ± 7.3	19.47 ± 6.1	0.286
CD4:CD8 Ratio	2.19 ± 1.2	2.27 ± 1.2	0.834	1.90 ± 1.0	2.14 ± 1.1	0.315

* 0.01< p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01 (Data are represented as mean ± SD or ± SE and statistical significance using Mann-Whitney U test for categorical data (Exhaustion sum score) and the independent t-test for continuous data).