Table 5.

Studies that have analyzed craniofacial abnormalities and genetics as a pediatric OSA risk factor.

Study	Year	Type of Study	Patients Number	Age	Parameters Evaluated	Conclusions
Follmar A. et al. [58]	2014	Retrospective cohort study	118	1 day–15 years	RDI;	Multifactorial etiology of RSD in children affected by Prader–Willi Syndrome
					Laryngomalacia;
					macroglossia,
					AT hypertrophy;
					GERD.
Onodera K. et al. [62]	2005	Case–control study	30	3.8 ± 1.4 (20) 7.9 ± 3 (10)	Questionnaire items:	Significant presence of RSD in patients affected by achondroplasia (AP)
					Snoring;
					AHI;
					Mouth breathing;
					Occlusion;
					Height and weight;
					Ages of the eruption of deciduous teeth
Pavone M. et al. [66]	2015	Retrospective study	88	1–14.5	Anthropometric data;	No correlations between MOAHI and age or BMI, positive correlations between MOAHI and Sp02
					BMI;
					MOAHI, RDI, SpO2
Guilleminault C. et al. [67]	2013	Retrospective study	34 patients	26.55	Clinical evaluation;	Commonly unrecognized abnormal breathing and its correlation with daytime fatigue and poor sleep in Ehlers–Danlos patients
					Rhinomanometry;
					AHI, RDI, Sa02
Kalaskar R et al. [69]	2012	Case report study	1	11 years old boy	Anatomical finding; orthodontic conformation	Association between Ellis–van Creveld syndrome and OSA
Cardiel Rios S.A. et al. [71]	2016	Case report study	1	10 years old boy	Anatomical finding; orthodontic conformation	Association between Noonan syndrome, malocclusion and OSA
Saxby C. et al. [74]	2018	Retrospective study	65	Not specified	Patients demographics; Type of midface advancement;	Positive outcomes after midface advancement in patients with craniosynostosis
					Preoperative: AHI, RDI, SaO2;
					Postoperative: AHI, RDI, SaO2;
					Blood pressure;
Villa M.P. et al. [77]	2002	Randomized controlled study	32	4–10	Brouillette questionnaire;	Improved respiratory symptoms in patients who underwent oral appliance treatments
					physical examinations:
					AHI, RDI, SaO2