Table 1.
Characteristics of the study population and results of stress questionnaire (SQ), Negative Acts Questionnaire Revised (NAQ-R) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) stratified by organization and comparisons between organizations.
| Variables | Organization 1 | Organization 2 | Organization 3 | Overall sample | Test |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | N (%) | ||
| Length of employment | |||||
| <7 years | 165 (75.0%) | 90 (84.1%) | 8 (11.0%) | 263 (65.8%) | |
| 7–15 years | 45 (20.5%) | 11 (10.3%) | 33 (45.2%) | 89 (22.2%) | |
| >15 years | 10 (4.0%) | 6 (5.6%) | 32 (43.8%) | 48 (12.0%) | |
| Chi-square | |||||
| Gender | p < 0.001 | ||||
| Male | 89 (42.0%) | 43 (40.6%) | 70 (95.9%) | 202 (51.7%) | |
| Female | 123 (58.0%) | 63 (59.4%) | 3 (4.1%) | 189 (48.3%) | |
| Mean, SD (min–max) | Mean, SD (min–max) | Mean, SD (min–max) | Mean, SD (min–max) | ANOVA | |
| SQ | |||||
| Job demand | 2.64 * ± 0.72 (1.00–4.00) | 2.32* ± 0.63 (1.00–4.00) | 2.61* ± 0.59 (1.00–5.00) | 2.55 ± 0.69 (1.00–5.00) | (F = 8.63, p = 0.001) |
| Lack of job control | 2.73 ± 0.76 (1.00–4.00) | 2.79 ± 0.60 (1.00–4.00) | 2.66 ± 0.68 (1.00–5.00) | 2.73 ± 0.70 (1.00–5.00) | (F = 0.78, p = 0.45) |
| Lack of social support (colleagues) | 2.44 ± 0.69 (1.00–5.00) | 2.33 ± 0.68 (1.00–4.00) | 2.37 ± 0.63 (1.00–5.00) | 2.40 ± 0.68 (1.00–5.00) | (F = 1.06, p = 0.34) |
| Lack of social support (superiors) | 2.41 ± 0.91 (1.00–5.00) | 2.47 ± 0.84 (1.00–5.00) | 2.60 ± 0.76 (1.00–5.00) | 2.46 ± 0.87 (1.00–5.00) | (F = 1.31, p = 0.27) |
| NAQ-R | |||||
| Personal bullying | 14.94 ± 5.55 (11.00–48.00) | 15.36 ± 6.18 (11.00–43.00) | 15.26 ± 7.85 (11.00–55.00) | 15.11 ± 6.18 (11.00–55.00) | (F = 0.18, p = 0.82) |
| Work-related bullying | 8.08 ± 3.19 (5.00–24.00) | 8.01 ± 3.44 (5.00–22.00) | 8.05 ± 3.93 (5.00–25.00) | 8.06 ± 3.39 (5.00–25.00) | (F = 0.01, p = 0.98) |
| GHQ-12 | |||||
| Loss of security | 0.75 ± 1.31 (.00–6.00) | 0.70 ± 1.35 (.00–5.00) | 0.44 ± 1.20 (.00–6.00) | 0.68 ± 1.30 (.00–6.00) | (F = 1.58, p = 0.20) |
| Anxiety | 3.82 ± 3.14 (.00–12.00) | 3.70 ± 2.97 (.00–12.00) | 3.34 ± 2.45 (.00–12.00) | 3.70 ± 2.98 (.00–12.00) | (F = 0.72, p = 0.48) |
| Social dysfunction | 6.07 ± 2.90 (.00–18.00) | 5.68 ± 2.54 (.00–16.00) | 6.23 ± 2.34 (.00–18.00) | 5.99 ± 2.71 (.00–18.00) | (F = 1.07, p = 0.34) |
* Tukey post-hoc test company 2 vs. 1, p < 0.001; company 2 vs. 3, p = 0.016. Bold: p < 0.05.