Table 4.
Estimated effects of air pollution on individual-level sleeping outcomes in the past week per day by gender.
| Dependent Variable | Male Only | Female Only | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Coefficient (95% CI) | # Observations | Coefficient (95% CI) | # Observations | Coefficient (95% CI) | # Observations | |
| AQI | ||||||
| Sleep in last week (h/day) | −0.59 *** (–0.65, −0.53) | 21,375 | −0.86 *** (–0.94, −0.77) | 10,207 | −0.68 *** (–0.73, −0.63) | 31,582 |
| PM2.5 | ||||||
| Sleep in last week (h/day) | −0.49 *** (–0.53, −0.45) | 21,375 | −0.67 *** (–0.73, −0.61) | 10,207 | −0.55 ** (–0.59, −0.51) | 31,582 |
| PM10 | ||||||
| Sleep in last week (h/day) | −0.59 ** (–0.66 −0.52) | 21,375 | −0.96 *** (–1.07, −0.84) | 10,207 | −0.70 *** (–0.76, −0.64) | 31,582 |
| NO2 | ||||||
| Sleep in last week (h/day) | −0.44 *** (–0.48, −0.39) | 21,375 | −0.68 *** (–0.75, −0.61) | 10,207 | −0.51 *** (–0.54, −0.47) | 31,582 |
Note: Multilevel mixed-effects linear regression models were performed to analyze the effects of air pollution concentrations on participants stratified by gender. Models adjust for covariates listed in Table 1 (i.e., smoking status, age, BMI, drinking, self-rated physical health and mental health) and environmental variables listed in Table 2 (i.e., temperature and rainy days in the last week). There were 16,870 participants with 11,452 male participants and 5538 female participants in the regression. * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001.