Table 5.
Intraarticular HA residence time studies.
| Author & year | Compound | Labeling method | Species | Half-life | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Larsen 2012 [123] |
Hylan fluid (400 –800 kDa), hylan gel |
Fluid: 14C-acetate; gel: sulfonyl- bis-3H-ethyl crosslinks |
Lapine | Fluid 1.5 ± 0.2d, gel 8.8 ± 0.9d | Whole joint homogenized, SFa not discretely analyzed |
| Jackson 2006 [240] |
Hylan fluid, hylan gel | Fluid green fluorophore, gel red fluorophore | Caprine | (Fluid diminished rapidly, gel present to 28d) | Control: Dye alone eliminated within 24 h. |
| Lindenhayn 1997 [241] |
HA | 3H-HA | Lapine | 15.8 h (directb) and 17.5 ± 1.0h (indirectc) | Supports lymphatic clearance |
| Brown 1991 [242] |
HA (600 kDa) | 3H-HA | Lapine | 13.2 h (indirect) | Clearance was first-order; supports lymphatic clearance |
| Fraser 1993 [242] |
HA | 3H-HA | Ovine | 20.8 h (indirect) | Clearance was first-order |
| Antonas 1973 [243] |
HA | 3H-HA | Lapine | Not reported | Observed 3H2O in blood and tissue radiography |
| Page-Thomas 1987 [244] |
PGd (250 kDa) | 131I-Iodobeadse | Lapine | 12 h | |
| Edsman 2011 [245] |
Durolane or similar |
14C butanediol diglycidyl ether crosslinks |
Lapine | 32d (24–46d 95% CI) | Whole joint homogenized, SF not discretely analyzed |
| Lindqvist 2002 [246] |
Durolane or similar | 131I HA endgroup | Human | Reportedf: 1.5 h, 1.5d, and 4w; Effective: 2–3d | Whole joint gamma rays counted, SF not discretely analyzed |
a
SF, synovial fluid.
b
Direct measurement, 3H-HA signal measured in SF.
c
Indirect measurement, 3H2O signal measured in plasma.
d
PG, proteoglycan.
e
Iodobeads conjugated to PGs.
f
Half-lives reported as decay constants of tri-exponential curve fitted to clearance data; 1.5 h postulated to correspond to free linear HA, 1.5d to entrapped linear HA, 4w to crosslinked HA.