Table 3.
Antiplasmodial/antimalarial activities of investigated plants used for malaria treatment in Uganda and their active chemical constituents.
| Plant family | Scientific name | Part used | Extracting solvent | Means of traditional extraction | Report on antiplasmodial, IC50 (μg/ml)/antimalarial activity (Plasmodium strain) | Active chemical constituents | Reference(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acanthaceae | Justicia betonica L. | Shoot | Methanol | Hot water | 69.6 (chloroquine sensitive, K39) | Justetonin (indole(3,2-b) quinoline alkaloid glycoside) | [20] |
| Water | >100 (chloroquine sensitive, K39) | ||||||
| Aloeaceae | Aloe dawei A. Berger (wild/cultivated) | Leaves | Ether | Cold water; mashing; hot water | Extract had anti-P. falciparum activity value of 7.97 (95% CI: 3.56 to 17.85) μg/ml with 50% schizonts suppression per 200 WBC (EC50) | Anthraquinones, aloin, lectins, | [19, 45] |
| Aloe kedongensis (wild) | Leaves | Methanol | Hot water | 87.7 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 67.8 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Anthrone, C-glucoside homonataloin, anthraquinones, aloin, lectins | [19, 46] | |
| Aloe ferox Mill | Leaves | Dichloromethane | Water | 21 (chloroquine sensitive, D10) | Mannans, polymannans, anthraquinones, aloin, lectins, anthrones | [19, 31, 47] | |
| Water | >100 (chloroquine sensitive, D10) | ||||||
| Anacardiaceae | Mangifera indica L. | Leaves | Chloroform:Methanol (1 : 1) | Hot water | Inhibited growth of P. falciparum by 50.4% at 20 μg/ml | Phenolics | [48, 49] |
| Stem bark | Ethanol | >50 (chloroquine resistant, FcB1) | |||||
| Rhus natalensis Bernh. Ex Krauss | Leaves | Ethanol | Hot water | 6.6 (P. falciparum) | Triterpenoids | [24] | |
| Apiaceae | Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. | Whole plant | Water | Water | 58.6 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); not detected (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Phenolics and flavonoids | [50] |
| Apocynaceae | Alstonia boonei De Wild. | Stem bark | Water | Hot water | 80.97% suppressive activity at 200 mg/kg (P. berghei) in combination with other two local herbs. | Alkaloids, triterpenoids | [51] |
| Carissa edulis (Forssk.) Vahl | Stem bark | Dichloromethane | Mashing; hot water | 33 (chloroquine sensitive, D10) | Lignan, nortrachelogenin | [52] | |
| Carissa spinarum Lodd. ex A. DC. | Root bark | Methanol | Hot water | 14.5 (chloroquine sensitive, D6) | Saponins, sesquiterpenes | [53] | |
| Catharanthus roseus G. Don | Leaves | Methanol | Hot water | 4.6 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 5.3 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, esquiterpenes | [54] | |
| Aristolochiaceae | Aristolochia elegans Mast. | Seeds | Methanol | Water | >50 (chloroquine sensitive, 3D7); undetectable (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, monoterpenoids, alkaloids | [19, 55] |
| Asphodelaceae | Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f. | Leaves | Water | Cold water; mashing; hot water | Antiplasmodial activity in terms of EC50 values 0.289 to 1.056 μg/ml (chloroquine sensitive) | Aloin, anthraquinones, aloe-emodin | [56] |
| Asteraceae | Ageratum conyzoides L. | Whole plant | Methanol | Hot water | 11.5 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 12.1 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Flavonoids | [54] |
| Artemisia annua L. | Leaves | Water | Hot water | 1.1 (chloroquine sensitive, D10); 0.9 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Sesquiterpenes and sesquiterpene lactones including artemisinin, flavonoids such as chrysoplenol-D, eupatorin, chyrsoplenetin | [19, 57] | |
| Artemisia afra Jacq. Ex Willd | Leaves | Methanol | Hot water | 9.1 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 3.9 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Acacetin, genkwanin, 7-methoxyacacetin | [54] | |
| Aspilia africana (Pers.) C. D. Adams | Leaves | Ethanol | Hot water | Significant chemo suppressive effect of 92.23% (400 mg/kg) on P. berghei | Saponins, terpenoids, alkaloids, resins, tannins, flavonoids, sterols | [19, 58] | |
| Baccharoides adoensis (Sch. Bip. ex Walp.) H. Rob. | Leaves | Petroleum ether | Hot water | 4.6 (chloroquine resistant, K1) | Flavonoids | [26] | |
| Aspilia africana L. | Leaves | Dichloromethane | Hot water; mashing | 8.5 (chloroquine sensitive, D10) | Flavonoids including quercetin 3,3′-dimethyl ether 7-0-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1 ⟶ 6)-β-D-glucopyranose and quercetin 3,3′-dimethyl ether 7-0-β-D-glucopyranose | [52] | |
| Bothriocline longipes N. E. Br. | Leaves | Chloroform | Hot water | 3.7 (P. falciparum) | 5-alkylcoumarins, | [19, 24] | |
| Ethanol | 50 (P. falciparum) | ||||||
| Crassocephalum vitellinum | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | Hot water | 40.6% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml | Flavonoids | [32] | |
| Guizotia scabra Chiov. | Whole plant | Crude ethanol | Hot water | 49.09% growth inhibition at 100 μg/ml (chloroquine resistant, Dd2) | Lactones, eudesmanoline | [59] | |
| Melanthera scandens (Schumach. & Thonn.) Roberty | Leaves | Chloroform | Hot water | 68.83% chemo suppression activity (P. berghei) | Triterpenoid saponins | [60] | |
| Microglossa pyrifolia (Lam.)O. Ktze | Leaves | Hot water | <5 (both chloroquine sensitive, NF54 and resistant, FCR3) | E-phytol; 6e-geranylgeraniol-19-oic acid | [2, 28] | ||
| Schkuhria pinnata (lam.) | Whole plant | Water | Hot water | 22.5 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 51.8 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Schkuhrin I and schkuhrin II | [54] | |
| Methanol | 1.3 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 6.8 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | ||||||
| Solanecio mannii (Hook. f.) C. Jeffrey | Leaves | Methanol | Water | 21.6 (chloroquine sensitive, 3D7); 26.2 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Phytosterols, n-alkanes and N-hexacosanol, | [19, 55] | |
| Tagetes minuta L. | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | Water | 61.0% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml | [32] | ||
| Tithonia diversifolia A. Gray | Leaves | Methanol | Water | 1.2 (chloroquine sensitive, 3D7); 1.5 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Tagitinin C, sesquiterpene lactones | [55] | |
| Vernonia adoensis Sch. Bip. ex Walp. | Leaves | Methanol | Hot water | 83.4% inhibition of parasitaemia, at 600 mg/kg (P. berghei) | Glycocides, glaucolides | [19, 61] | |
| Vernonia amygdalina Delile | Leaves | Methanol/dichloromethane | Hot water; cold water | 2.7 (chloroquine resistant, K1) | Coumarin, sesquiterpene lactones including vernolepin, vernolin, vernolide, vernodalin and hydroxyvernodalin, steroid glucosides | [19, 26] | |
| Vernonia cinerea (L.) Less. | Whole plant | Water | Hot water | >50 (chloroquine sensitive, 3D7); 37.2 (chloroquine resistant, K1) | Sesquiterpene lactone | [62] | |
| Vernonia lasiopus O. Hoffm. | Leaves | Methanol | Mashing; hot water | 44.3 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 52.4 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Sesquiterpene lactones, polysaccarides | [19, 54] | |
| Bignoniaceae | Markhamia lutea (Benth.) K. Schum. | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | Hot water | 71% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml | Phenylpropanoid glycosides, cycloartane triterpenoids | [32] |
| Spathodea campanulata Buch.-Harm. ex DC. | Stem bark | Ethyl acetate | Water | 28.9% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml | Quinone (lapachol) | [32] | |
| Caesalpiniaceae | Cassia didymobotrya Fres. | Leaves | Methanol | Hot water | 23.4 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); undetectable (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Alkaloids | [54] |
| Erythrophleum pyrifolia | Leaves | Ethanol | Hot water | >50 (P. falciparum) | [24] | ||
| Senna spectabilis (DC.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby | Leaves | Ethanol | Water | 59.29% growth inhibition at 100 mg/kg body weight dose (P. berghei) | Piperidine alkaloids | [63] | |
| Caesalpinioideae | Cassia hirsuta | Root back | Methanol | Water | 32.0 (chloroquine sensitive 3D7) | [64] | |
| Canelliaceae | Warbugia ugandensis Sprague | Stem back | Methanol | Hot water | 6.4 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 6.9 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Sesquiterpenes e.g. muzigadiolide | [27, 54] |
| Water | 12.9 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 15.6 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | ||||||
| Caricaceae | Carica papaya L. | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | Hot water | 2.96 (chloroquine sensitive, D10); 3.98 (chloroquine resistant, DD2) | Alkaloids, saponins, tannins, glycosides | [65] |
| Methanol | 10.8 (chloroquine sensitive, D10) | ||||||
| Celastraceae | Maytenus senegalensis | Roots | Hot water | 1.9 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 2.4 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Terpenoids, pentacyclic triterpenes e.g. pristimerin | [66] | |
| Chenopodiaceae | Chenopodium ambrosioides L. | Leaves | Crude hydroalcoholic extract | Hot water | Inhibited the P. falciparum growth, exhibiting an IC50 of 25.4 μg/ml | Sesquiterpenes, monoterpenes | [67] |
| Combretaceae | Combretum molle G. Don | Stem back | Acetone | Water | 8.2 (chloroquine sensitive 3D7) | Phenolics, punicalagin | [68] |
| Cucurbitaceae | Cucurbita maxima Lam. | Seeds | Crude ethanol | Hot water | 50% reduction of parasitaemia levels in P. berghei infected mice at 500 mg/kg. | Phenols, terpenoids, alkaloids, tannins | [69] |
| Momordica foetida Schumach. | Shoot | Water | Hot water | 6.16 (chloroquine sensitive, NF54); 0.35 (chloroquine resistant, FCR3) | Saponins, alkaloid, cardiac glycosides | [28] | |
| Ebenaceae | Euclea latideus Staff | Root back | Hexane | Water | 38.2 (chloroquine sensitive, 3D7); 38.9 (chloroquine resistant, Dd2) | Triterpenoids lupeol, betulin, 3β-(5-hydroxyferuloyl)lup-20(30)-ene | [23] |
| Euphorbiaceae | Alchornea cordifolia (Schumach.) Mull. Arg. | Leaves | Water | Hot water | 4.8 (chloroquine resistant, K1) | Phenolics including ellagic acid | [70] |
| Bridelia micrantha Baill. | Stem bark | Methanol | Hot water | 19.4 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 14.2 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | [50] | ||
| Clutia abyssinica Jaub. & Spach | Leaves | Methanol | Water | 7.8 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 11.3 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Diterpenes | [54] | |
| Croton macrostachyus Olive. | Leaves | Chloroform | Hot water | Chemotherapeutic effect of 66–82% in malaria mouse model | Triterpenoids including lupeol | [71] | |
| Fluegea virosa (Roxb. ExWillb.)Voigt | Leaves | Water/methanol | Hot water | 2 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Bergenin | [72] | |
| Jatropha curcas L. | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | Hot water | 5.1 (chloroquine sensitive, NF54); 2.4 (chloroquine resistant, K1) | Alkaloids, saponnins, glycosides, tannins | [73] | |
| Phyllanthus (pseudo) niruri Mull. Arg. | Water | Hot water | Ranged from 2.9 to 4.1 (both chloroquine sensitive, 3D7 and resistant, Dd2) | Coumarins including 1-O-galloyl-6-O-luteoyl-a-D-glucose | [74] | ||
| Fabaceae | Cajanus cajan (L.) Druse | Leaves | Crude ethanol | Mashing | 29.0 (P. falciparum) | Cajachalcone; | [75] |
| Entada abyssinica Steud. ex A. Rich. | Seeds | Methanol | Hot water | >5 (chloroquine resistant, K1) | Flavonoids, terpenoids | [26, 32] | |
| Entada africana Guill. & Perr. | Leaves | Ethanol | Hot water | 26.4 (chloroquine sensitive, HB3); 28.9 (chloroquine resistant, FcM29) | Phenolics | [76] | |
| Erythrina abyssinica Lam. | Stem bark | Ethyl acetate | Hot water | 83.6% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml | Chalcones (5-prenylbutein, homobutein), flavanones including 5-deoxyabyssinin II, abyssinin III and abyssinone IV | [32] | |
| Indigofera emerginella Steud. ex A. Rich | Leaves | Ethanol | Hot water | 5.8 (P. falciparum) | [24] | ||
| Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby | Leaves | Methanol | Hot water | >100 (chloroquine sensitive, K39) | Quinones | [20, 29] | |
| Senna siamea (Lam.) H. S. Irwin & Barneby | Leaves | Ethanol | Mashing; hot water | 28.8 (chloroquine sensitive, 3D7); 48.3 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Phenolic derivative, chrobisiamone a, anhydrobarakol | [77] | |
| Tamarindus indica L. | Stem bark | Water | Hot water | 25.1% chemo suppressive activity at 10 mg/kg (P. berghei) | Saponins (leaves), tannins (fruits) | [78] | |
| Flacourtiaceae | Trimeria bakeri Gilg. | Leaves | Petroleum ether | Hot water | 3.9 (P. falciparum) | Triterpenoids | [24] |
| Hypericaceae | Harungana madagascariensis Lam. | Stem bark | Water | Hot water | 9.64 (chloroquine resistant, K1) | Quinones including bazouanthrone, feruginin a, harunganin, harunganol a | [70] |
| Lamiaceae | Ajuga remota Benth. | Whole plant | Ethanol | Hot water | 55 (chloroquine sensitive, FCA/GHA); 57 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Ajugarin-1, ergosterol-5,8-endoperoxide, 8-O-acetylharpagide, steroids | [79] |
| Clerodendrum myricoides R. Br. | Root bark | Methanol | Hot water | 4.7 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 8.3 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | [50, 80] | ||
| Clerodendrum rotundifolium Oliv. | Leaves | Methanol | Mashing; hot water | <5 (both chloroquine sensitive, NF54 and resistant, FCR3) | Saponins, tannins | [28] | |
| Hoslundia opposita Vahl. | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | Hot water | 66.2% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml | Quinones, saponins, abietane diterpenes (3-O-benzoylhosloppone) | [32] | |
| Leonotis nepetifolia Schimp. exBenth | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | Water | 27.0% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml | [32] | ||
| Ocimum basilicum | Leaves | Ethanol | Hot water | 68.14 (chloroquine sensitive, CQ-s); 67.27 (chloroquine resistant, CQ-r) | [50, 80] | ||
| Ocimum gratissimum Willd. | Leaves/twigs | Dichloromethane | Hot water | 8.6 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Flavonoids | [47, 49] | |
| Ocimum lamiifolium Hochst. | Leaves | Water | Water | Significantly suppressed parasitaemia, 22.2%, 26.8% and 35.5% at dose of 200, 400 and 600 mg·kg, respectively (P. berghei) | [81] | ||
| Plectranthus barbatus | Leaves/stem | Dichloromethane | Hot water | No activity | [23, 47] | ||
| Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Hot water | Essential oil at a concentration 15867 ng/ml had no antimalarial activity | [82] | ||||
| Tetradenia riparia (Hochst.) Codd | Root | Hot water | 13.2 (chloroquine-sensitive, NF54) | [83] | |||
| Lauranceae | Persea americana Mill. | Leaves | Ethanol | Hot water | 10.15 (chloroquine sensitive, 3D7); 44.94 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Phenolics | [84] |
| Meliaceae | Azadirachta indica A. Juss. | Leaves | Hot water | 17.9 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 43.7 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Terpenoids, isoprenoids, gedunin | [49, 66] | |
| Melia azedarach | Leaves | Methanol | Hot water | 55.1 (chloroquine sensitive, 3D7); 19.1 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | [85] | ||
| Menispermaceae | Cissampelos mucronata A. Rich. | Root bark | Methanol | Hot water | 8.8 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 9.2 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Benzylisoquinoline alkaloids | [80] |
| Mimosaceae | Acacia nilotica | Stem bark | Methanol | Hot water | Dose of 100 mg/kg b/w produced parasitic (P. berghei) inhibition 77.7% | Tannins, flavonoids, terpenes | [86] |
| Albizia coriaria Welw. | Stem bark | Methanol | Hot water | 15.2 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 16.8 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Triterpenoids, lupeol, lupenone | [54] | |
| Albizia grandibracteata Taube | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | Hot water | 22.0% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml | [32] | ||
| Albizia zygia (DC.) Macbr. | Stem bark | Methanol | Water | 1.0 (chloroquine resistant, K1) | Flavonoids mainly 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone | [87] | |
| Moraceae | Antiaris toxicaria Lesch. | Stem bark | Ethyl acetate | Hot water | 36.4% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml | [32] | |
| Ficus natalensis Hochst | Leaves | Hexane | Hot water | 6.7 (P. falciparum) | [88] | ||
| Milicia excels (Welw.) C. C. Berg. | Leaves | Ethanol | Hot water | 76.7% chemo suppressive activity at 250 mg/kg/day (P. berghei) | [89] | ||
| Moringaceae | Moringa oleifera Lam | Leaves | Methanol | Mashing; hot water | 9.8 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); not detected (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Flavonols | [49, 80] |
| Musaceae | Musa paradisiaca (NC) | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | Hot water | 75 (chloroquine sensitive, 3D7); 100 (chloroquine resistant, Dd2) | Flavonoids | [49, 90] |
| Myristicaceae | Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.)Warb. | Leaves | 50% ethanol | Hot water | >1000 (chloroquine sensitive, 3D7) | Talaumidin | [91] |
| Myrsinaceae | Maesa lanceolata Forssk. | Twig | Dichloromethane:Methanol (1 : 1) | Hot water | 5.9 (chloroquine sensitive, D10) | Lanciaquinones, 2,5, dihydroxy-3-(nonadec-14-enyl)-1,4-benzoquinone | [24, 52, 55] |
| Myrtaceae | Psidium guajava L. | Stem back | Water | Hot water | 10–20 (chloroquine sensitive, D10) | Phenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, terpenoids | [49, 92] |
| Syzygium cordatum Hochst. | Twig | Dichloromethane:Methanol (1 : 1) | Hot water | 14.7 (chloroquine sensitive, D10) | [55] | ||
| Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels | Stem back | Hot water | 0.25 to 27.1 (chloroquine-resistant strains) | [93] | |||
| Syzygium guineense (Willd.) DC. | Leaves | Crude ethanol | Hot water | 49.09% chemo suppression at 400 mg/kg (P. berghei) | [94] | ||
| Poaceae | Cymbopogon citratus Stapf. | Whole plant | Hot water | 99.89% suppression of parasitaemia at 1600 mg/kg | Flavonoids | [20, 49, 95] | |
| Zea mays L. | Husks | Ethyl acetate | Hot water | 9.3 (chloroquine sensitive, 3D7); 3.7 (chloroquine resistant, INDO) | Alkaloids, flavonoids and triterpenoids | [96] | |
| Polygalaceae | Securidaca longipedunculata Fresen. | Leaves | Dichloromethane | Hot water | 6.9 (chloroquine sensitive, D10) | Saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids | [92] |
| Rosaceae | Prunus africana (Hook. f.) Kalkman | Stem bark | Methanol | Hot water | 17.3 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); not detected (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Terpenoids | [54] |
| Rubiaceae | Hallea rubrostipulata (K. Schum.) J.-F. Leroy | Root | Ethanol | Water | 100 μg/ml extract had 65.54% growth inhibition (chloroquine resistant, Dd2) | Alkaloids | [59] |
| Pentas longiflora Oliv. | Root | Methanol | Hot water | 0.99 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 0.93 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Pyranonaphthoquinones, pentalongin (1) and psychorubrin (2), naphthalene derivative mollugin (3) | [97] | |
| Rutaceae | Citrus reticulata | Seeds (isolimonexic acid methyl ether) | Hot water | <4.76 (both chloroquine sensitive, D6 and resistant, W2) | Limonin, isolimonexic acid methyl ether, ichangin, deacetylnomilin, obacunone | [98] | |
| Citrus sinensis | 70% ethanol | Hot water | 53.27% suppression of parasitaemia at 700 mg/kg | Tannins, alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids | [20, 24, 99] | ||
| Teclea nobilis Delile | Bark | Ethyl acetate | Water | 54.7% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml | Quinonline alkaloids | [32] | |
| Toddalia asiatica Baill. | Root bark | Methanol | Water | 6.8 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 13.9 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Furoquinolines (nitidine, 5,6-dihydronitidine), coumarins | [80] | |
| Zanthoxylum chalybeum Engl. | Stem bark | Water | Hot water | 4.3 (chloroquine sensitive, NF54); 25.1 (chloroquine resistant, FCR3) | Chelerythine, nitidine, methyl canadine | [28] | |
| Salicaceae | Trimeria grandifolia ssp. tropica (Hochst.) Warb. | Leaves | Methanol | Hot water | >50 (chloroquine sensitive, 3D7) | [55] | |
| Sapindaceae | Blighia unijugata Baker | Leaves | Ethyl acetate | Hot water | 2.3% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml | [32] | |
| Simaroubaceae | Harrisonia abyssinica Olive. | Roots | Hot water | 4.4 (chloroquine sensitive, D6); 10.25 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Limonoids, steroids | [66] | |
| Solanaceae | Solanum nigrum L. | Fruit | Methanol | Hot water | 10.3 (chloroquine sensitive, 3D7); 18.7 (chloroquine resistant, K1) | Steroidal alkaloids, flavonoids | [100] |
| Ulmaceae | Celtis africana L. | Stem bark | Ethyl acetate | Hot water | 37.5% inhibition of P. falciparum at 10 μg/ml | [32] | |
| Verbenaceae | Lantana camara | Leaves | Dichloromethane | Hot water | 8.7 (chloroquine sensitive, 3D7); 5.7 (chloroquine resistant, W2) | Sesquiterpenes, triterpenes, flavonoids | [30] |
| Lantana trifolia L. | Arial parts | Petroleum ether | Hot water | 13.2 (P. falciparum) | Steroids, terpenoids, alkaloids, saponins | [24] | |
| Ethanol | >50 (P. falciparum) | ||||||
| Zingiberaceae | Curcuma longa L. | Hot water; mashing | 5 mg/kg had a significantly high chemo suppressive activity of 56.8% (P. berghei) | Polyphenolic curcumin | [101] |