Table 2.
Different techniques of 1-D ZnO-based electrochemical biosensors for various analyte detections, since 2014.
| Morphology | Technique | Bio-Receptor | Doping/Hybrid | Analyte | Sensing Performance Sensitivity (S), Limit of Detection (LOD), Linear Range (LR), Time Response (T) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nanorod [107] | Impedimetric | Nonenzymatic | N/A | Cholesterol | S: 4.2 µm mM−1 cm−2 LOD: 1.78 mM LR: 1–9 mM T: N/A |
| Nanotube [98] | Amperometric | Enzymatic ChOx | N/A | Cholesterol | S: 79.40 µA mM−1cm−2 LOD: 0.5 nM (S/N = 3) LR: 1.0 µm–13.0 mM T: 2 s |
| Nanotube [108] | Amperometric | Nonenzymatic | Au nanoparticles hybrid | Hydrogen peroxide | S: 1336.7 µm mM−1 cm−2 LOD: N/A LR: 1 µM–3.0 mM T: N/A |
| Nanowire [109] | Amperometric | Nonenzymatic | CO3O4/NiCo2O4/Ni foam hybrid | Hydrogen peroxide | S: 0.388 mA mM−1 cm−2 LOD: 0.163 µM (S/N = 3) LR: 0.2 µM–2.4 mM T: 5 s |
| Nanowire [110] | Amperometric | Enzymatic | N/A | L-lactic acid | S: 15.6 µA mM−1 cm−2 LOD: 12 µM LR: 12 µM–1.2 mM T: N/A |
| Nanowire [111] | Voltammetric | Nonenzymatic | Graphene/graphene foam | Folic acid | S: 0.18 µm mM−1 LOD: 1 µM LR: 0–60 µM T: N/A |
| Nanowire [112] | Voltammetric | Nonenzymatic | Graphene foam hybrid | Levodopa | S: 3.15 µA µM−1 LOD: 50 nM LR: 0.05–20 µM T: N/A |
| Nanorod [113] | Potentiometric | N/A | Reduced graphene oxide hybrid | Uric acid | LOD: 0.312 µM (S/N = 3) LR: 1–800 µM |
| Nanorod [114] | Amperometric | Uricase | N/A | Uric acid | S: 239.67 µA mM−1 cm−2 LOD: 5 nM LR: 0.01–4.56 mM T: 3 s |
| Nanorod [115] | Voltammetric | Urease | Ag hybrid | Urea | S: 41.64 µA mM−1 cm−2 LOD: 10 µM LR: 0.001–24.0 mM |
| Nanotube [8] | Amperometric | GOx | N/A | Glucose | S: 2.63 µA mM−1 cm−2 LOD: 8 µM (S/N = 3) LR: 0–6.5 mM |
| Nanorod [116] | Amperometric | Nonenzymatic | CuO hybrid | Glucose | S: 2961.7 µA mM−1 cm−2 LOD: 0.40 µM LR: Up to 8.45 mM T: <2 s |
| Nanorod [117] | Voltammetric | Nonenzymatic | Copper nanoparticles hybrid | Glucose | S: 609.6 µA mM−1 LOD: 0.03 µM (S/N = 3) LR: 5 µM–1.1 mM |
| Nanorod [6] | Amperometric | GOx | N/A | Glucose | S: 10.911 mA mM−1 cm−2 LOD: 0.22 µM LR: 0.6–1.4 mM T: 3 s |
| Nanorod [118] | FET | Nonenzymatic | Fe2O3 hybrid | Glucose | S: 105.75 µm mM−1 cm−2 LOD: 12 µM (S/N = 3) LR: 0.05–18 mM |
| Nanorod [119] | FET | Nonenzymatic | NiO quantum dots hybrid | Glucose | S: 13.14 µA mM−1 cm−2 LOD: 26 µM LR: 0.00–10 mM |
| Nanorod [105] | FET | GOx | N/A | Glucose | S: 1.6 mA mM−1 cm−2 LOD: 1 µM |
| Nanorod [120] | Liquid gate FET | Antibody | N/A | Hepatitis B | LOD: 20 aM LR: 20 aM to 1 pM |