Table 4.
Different techniques of 3-D ZnO-based electrochemical biosensors for various analyte detections, since 2014.
| Morphology | Technique | Bio-Receptor | Doping/Hybrid | Analyte | Sensing Performance: Sensitivity (S), Limit of Detection (LOD), Linear Range (LR), Time Response (T) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spherical lamellar [143] | Voltammetric | GOx | Au nanoparticles hybrid | Glucose | S: 1.409 µA mM−1 (S/N = 3) LOD: 0.02 mM LR: 1–20 mM |
| Spherical nanosheet [144] | Amperometric | Nonenzymatic | Au nanoparticles hybrid | Dopamine | LOD: 0.02 µM LR: 0.1–300 µM |
| Nanoflower [148] | Voltammetric | Nonenzymatic | Polyaniline/reduced graphene oxide hybrid | Dopamine | LOD: 0.8 nM (S/N = 3) LR: 0.001–1 µM and 1–1000 µM |
| Uric acid | LOD: 0.042 µM (S/N = 3) LR: 0.1–100 µM and 100–1000 µM |
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| Spherical nanosheet [150] | Voltammetric | Nonenzymatic | Graphene foam hybrid | Levodopa | S: 0.66 µA µM−1 LOD: 1 µM LR: 1–75 µM |
| Nanoflower [135] | Voltammetric | Nonenzymatic | Graphene hybrid | Levodopa | S: 0.32 µA µM−1 LOD: 1 µM LR: 1–60 µM |
| Nanoflower [10] | Impedimetric | DNA | Au nanoparticles hybrid | Leptospira | LOD: 100 fM LR: 10−6–10−13 M |
| Nanoflower [14] | Voltammetric and impedimetric | DNA | N/A | Bacterial meningitis | S: 168.64 µA ng−1 µL cm−2 LOD: 5 ng µL−1 LR: 5–240 ng µL−1 |