Table 1.

Compounds that Modulate the Dopaminergic System. A summary of compounds with varying mechanisms of action to increase or decrease dopaminergic activity. References in the table refer to the specific studies that demonstrate that these drugs change dopamine levels and/or dopamine turnover. As the aging HIV population uses a number of different drugs, many of which impact dopamine but are not always indicated to affect the dopaminergic system, caution should be used in taking them as they may affect the progression of NeuroHIV, depression, and other age-related comorbidities.

	Generic Name	Brand Names	Mechanism	Therapeutic Use	References
Dopamine Precursors	Levodopa	Atamet, Duopa, Larodopa, Parcopa, Prolopa, Rytary, Stalevo, Sinemet	Dopamine Precursor	Parkinsons’ Disease (PD)	(Yahr, 1969; Ng, 1970)
	L-phenylalanine	N/A	Dopamine Precursor	Dietary Supplement	(Milner et al., 1986; Fernstrom and Fernstrom, 2007; Kapatos and Zigmond, 1977)
	L-tyrosine	N/A	Dopamine Precursor	Dietary Supplement	(Fernstrom and Fernstrom, 2007; Kapatos and Zigmond, 1977; During et al., 1989)
Dopamine Receptor Agonists	Amantadine	Symmetrel	Dopamine Receptor Agonist/Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	PD, Antiviral	(Von Vigtlander and Moore, 1971; Mizoguchi, 1994)
	Apomorphine	Apokyn	Dopamine Receptor Agonist	PD	(Andén, 1967; de La Fuente-Fernandez, 2001)
	Aripiprazole	Abilify, Aripipex	Dopamine Receptor Agonist#	Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), Autism	(Li, 2004)
	Bromocriptine	Cycloset, Parlodel, Brotin	Dopamine Receptor Agonist	PD, Pituitary tumors, Type 2 Diabetes, Hyperprolactinaemia, Neuroleptic malignant syndrome	(Brannan, 1993)
	Lisuride	Proclacam, Revanii, Dopergin	Dopamine Receptor Agonist	PD, Migraine	(Kehr, 1977)
	Memantine	Axura, Akatinol, Abixa, Memox, Ebixa, Namenda	Dopamine Receptor Agonist	Alzheimers’ Disease (AD)	(Spanagel et al., 1994)
	Pramexipole	Mirapex, Mirapexin, Sifrol	Dopamine Receptor Agonist	PD, Restless Leg Syndrome (RLS)	(Carter and Müller, 1991)
	Piribedil	Pronoran, Trivastal Retard, Trastal, Trivastan, Clarium	Dopamine Receptor Agonist	Parkinsons’ Disease, Elderly dizziness and cognitive deficit, retinal ischemic manifestations	(Gil-Loyzaga, 1994; Delbarre, 1995)
	Rotigotine	Neupro	Dopamine Receptor Agonist	MDD, PD, RLS, Willis-Ekborn Disease	(Kehr, 2007)
Dopamine Receptor Antagonists	Amisulpride	Solian	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia, Dysthymia	(Schoemaker, 1997)
	Chlorpromazine	Largactil, Thorazine	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	ADHD, Bipolar Disorder, Nausea, Schizophrenia, Vomiting	(Starke, 1978; Stamford et al., 1986)
	Clozapine	Clozaril	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Treatment-resistant Schizophrenia	(Youngren, 1999; Meltzer, 1989; Drew, 1990)
	Domperidone	Motilium	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Nausea, vomiting, Gastroprokinetic, Galactagogue	(Champion, 1988)
	Fluphenazine	Prolixin	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia	(Bacopoulos et al., 1979; Goosey and Doggett, 1983)
	Haloperidol	Haldol	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Tourette Syndrome, Nausea, Vomiting, Delerium	(Drew, 1990; Gudelsky and Porter, 1980; Bunney and Grace, 1978)
	Loxapine	Loxitane	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder	(Li et al., 2003)
	Metoclopramide	Primperan, Reglan	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Nausea, Vomiting, Migraine	(Peringer, 1976)
	Molindone	Moban	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia	(McMillen and McDonald, 1983)
	Olanzapine	Zyprexa	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder	(Zhang, 2000; Li, 1998)
	Perphenazine	Trilafon	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Depression	(Mjörndal and Persson, 1990)
	Pimozide	Orap	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia, Tourette Syndrome	(Matsuo, 2010; Parsons et al., 1993)
	Prochlorperazine	Compro	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia, Nausea, Migraine, Anxiety	(Goosey and Doggett, 1983)
	Quetiapine	Seroquel	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Depression, Sleep Aid	(Pira et al., 2004; Silverstone et al., 2012)
	Risperidone	Risperdal	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder, Autism	(Hertel, 1996; Huang, 2006)
	Sulpiride*	Dogmatil	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia, Depression	(Andersen and Gazzara, 1996)
	Thiothixene	Navane	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder	(Bjerkenstedt, (1970), 1977)
	Trifluoperazine	Stelazine	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia, Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)	(Goosey and Doggett, 1983)
	Ziprasidone	Geodon	Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Schizophrenia, Bipolar Disorder	(Li et al., 2003)
Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitors	Armodafanil	Nuvigil, Acronite	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	Sleep Disorders	(Loland, 2012)
	Benzatropin	Cogentin	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	PD, Dystonia	(Goodale and Moore, 1975)
	Bupropion	Elontril, Wellbutrin, Zyban	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	Depression, Smoking Cessation, ADHD	(Ascher, 1995; Nomikos, 1992)
	Dexmethylphenidate	Attenade, Focalin	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	ADHD	(Volkow, 2001)
	Diphenylpyraline	Allergen, Arbid, Belfene, Diafen, Hispril, Histyn, Lergobine, Lyssipol, Mepiben, Neargal	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	Allergies, PD	(Oleson, 2012)
	Esketamine	Ketanest, Spravato	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	Anesthesia, Treatment-resistant depression	(Hashimoto, 2017)
	Methylphenidate	Methylin, Concerta, Medikinet, Ritalin, Equasym XL, Metadate, Quillivant XR	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	ADHD	(Heal, 2008)
	Modafanil	Alertec, Modavigil, Modiodal, Provigil, Modalert	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	Sleep Disorders	(Ferraro, 1996)
	Nefazdone	Serzone, Dutonin, Nefadar	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	MDD	(Olausson, 1998; Dremencov, 2005)
	Nomifensine	Merital, Alival	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	Depression, Anxiety Disorders	(Karoum, 1994)
	Sertraline	Zoloft	Weak Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	MDD, Anxiety Disorders, OCD	(Kitaichi, 2010)
	Tripelennamine	Pyrbenzamine	Weak Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	Allergies	(San-Martin-Clark, 1996; Oishi, 1994)
	Venlafaxine	Effexor, Lanvexin, Trevilor	Weak Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	MDD, Anxiety Disorders	(Czubak, 2010)
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors	Phenelzine	Nardil, Nardelzine	Non-Selective MAO-I	MDD, Anxiety Disorders	(Juorio et al., 1986)
	Rasagiline	Azilect	Selective MAO-B Inhibitor	PD	(Finberg, 1998)
	Selegiline	Anipryl, Emsam, Deprenyl, Eldepryl, Zelapar, Selgene	Selective MAO-B Inhibitor	PD, MDD, ADHD	(Kitaichi, 2013)
	Tranylcypromine	Parnate, Jatrosom	Non-Selective MAO-I	MDD, Mood Disorders, Anxiety Disorders	(Shioda, 2004; Ainsworth, 1998)
Vesicular Monoamine Transporter 2 (VMAT2) Inhibitors	Reserpine	Serpalan, Serpasil	VMAT2 Inhibitor	High Blood Pressure	(Elverfors and Nissbrandt, 1991; Okada, 1993)
	Tetrabenazine	Nitoman, Xenazine	VMAT2 Inhibitor	Huntington’s Disease, Tardive Dyskinesia, Tourette Syndrome, Hemiballismus	(Owesson-White, 2012)
Other Drugs with Dopaminergic Mechanisms	Agomelatine*	Melitor, Thymanax, Valdoxan	Dopamine Releasing Agent	Depression	(Millan, 2003)
	Buspirone	Buspar, Buspar Dividose, Vanspar	Dopamine Releasing Agent	Anxiety Disorders	(McMillen and McDonald, 1983; Silverstone et al, 2012; Sakaue, 2000)
	Clomipramine	Anafranil, Clofranil	Weak Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor/Weak Dopamine Receptor Agonist	Depression, OCD, Anxiety Disorders, Other Psychiatric Disorders	(Ichikawa and Meltzer, 1995)
	Desipramine	Norpramin, Pertofrane	Dopamine Releasing Agent	Depression	(Dremencov, 2005)
	Disulfiram	Antabuse, Antabus	Prevents Dopamine Breakdown	Cocaine Dependence, Cancer, Alcoholism	(Devoto, 2012)
	Donepezil	Aricept	Dopamine Releasing Agent	AD	(Zhang et al., 2004)
	Entacapone	Comtan	Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase Inhibtor	PD	(Gerlach, 2004)
	Fluoxetine	Prozac, Sarafem	Dopamine Releasing Agent	MDD, OCD, Bulimia, Panic Disorder, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder	(Zhang, 2000; Sakaue, 2000; Ichikawa and Meltzer, 1995)
	Folate	N/A	Increases Dopamine Turnover	Dietary Supplement, Depression	(Miller, 2008)
	Galantamine	Nivalin, Razadyne, Razadyne ER, Reminyl, Lycoremine	Dopamine Releasing Agent	AD	(Schilstrom, 2007)
	Imipramine	Tofranil	Weak Dopamine Receptor Antagonist	Depression	(Ichikawa and Meltzer, 1995)
	L-methylfolate	N/A	Increases Dopamine Turnover	Dietary Supplement, Depression	(Miller, 2008)
	Lisdexamfetamine	Vyvanse	Dopamine Releasing Agent	ADHD, Binge eating disorder	(Rowley, 2012)
	Metirosine	Metyrosine	Tyrosine Hydroxylase Inhibitor	Hypertension, Headahce, Tachycardia, Constipation, Tremors	(Naruse, 2018)
	Mirtazapine	Remeron	Dopamine Releasing Agent	Depression	(Nakayama et al., 2004)
	Moclobemide*	Aurorix, Manerix	Selective MAO-A Inhibitor	Depression, Anxiety Disorders	(Da Prada, 1989)
	Paroxetine	Paxil, Seroxat	Dopamine Releasing Agent	Depression, OCD, PTSD, Panic Disorder, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder	(Nakayama, 2002)
	Pergolide*	Permax	Dopamine Receptor Agonist	PD	(Herdon and Nahorski, 1987; Fuller and Snoddy, 1981)
	Reboxetine	Edronax	Dopamine Releasing Agent	Depression	(Linner, 2001)
	S-adenosyl methionine	N/A	Increases Dopamine Turnover	Dietary Supplement, Depression	(Miller, 2008; Schalinske and Smazal, 2015)
	Tolcapone	Tasmar	Catechol-O-Methyl Transferase Inhibtor	PD	(Lapish, 2009; Tunbridge, 2004)
	Trimipramine	Surmontil, Rhotrimine, Stangyl	Weak Dopamine Reuptake	Depression	(Taylor, 1996)
Drugs of Abuse	Alcohol	N/A	Dopamine Releasing Agent	N/A	(Bosse and Mathews, 2011; Yan, 1999; Weiss, 1996)
	Alpha-Pyrrolidinopentiophenone (PVP)	N/A	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	N/A	(Hataoka et al., 2017; Glennon and Young, 2016)
	Amphetamine	N/A	Dopamine Releasing Agent	N/A	(Moghaddam and Bunney, 1989; Tor-Agbidye et al., 2001)
	Cocaine	N/A	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	N/A	(Wightman, 2007; Shou, 2006; Phillips, 2003)
	Heroin	N/A	Weak Dopamine Releasing Agent	N/A	(Hemby, 1995; Smith, 2006)
	Ketamine	Ketalar	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	Depression	(Kokkinou et al., 2018)
	Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD)	N/A	Dopamine Receptor Agonist	N/A	(Smith et al., 1975; Antkiewicz-Michaluk et al., 1997)
	Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA)	N/A	Dopamine Releasing Agent	N/A	(Baumann et al., 2008; Gudelsky et al., 1994)
	Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)	N/A	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	N/A	(Glennon and Young, 2016; Shekar, 2017)
	Methamphetamine	N/A	Dopamine Releasing Agent	N/A	(Wilson, 1996; Kita, 2000)
	Morphine	MorphaBond ER, Arymo ER, Astramorph-PF	Dopamine Releasing Agent	Pain Reliever	(Anagnostakis and Spyraki, 1994; Vander Weele, 2014)
	Nicotine	N/A	Weak Dopamine Releasing Agent	N/A	(Wing, 2015; Di Chiara, 2000)
	Oxycodone	Xtampza ER, Oxaydo, Roxicodone, and Oxycontin	Dopamine Releasing Agent	Pain Reliever	(Vander Weele, 2014; Zhang, 2009)
	Phencyclidine (PCP)	N/A	Dopamine Reuptake Inhibitor	N/A	(Hondo, 1994)
	Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)	N/A	Dopamine Releasing Agent	N/A	(Chen, 1993; Pistis, 2002)

^*Not prescribed in the United States.

^#Acts as both a dopamine receptor agonist (presynaptic) and a dopamine receptor antagonist (postsynaptic).