Skip to main content
. 2019 Aug 20;110(4):984–992. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/nqz169

TABLE 2.

Plasma metabolites significantly different at day 28 between a low–glycemic load dietary pattern characterized by whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables, compared with a diet high in refined grains and added sugars overall, and stratified by adiposity group1

All participants (n = 80) Low adiposity2 (n = 29) High adiposity2 (n = 51)
Plasma metabolite Ratio3 P value4 Ratio3 P value4 Ratio3 P value4
Inositol 1.18 (0.18) 1.46 × 10−23* 1.21 (0.19) 1.19 × 10−11* 1.17 (0.17) 7.80 × 10−9*
Melatonin 0.61 (0.28) 3.58 × 10−22* 0.62 (0.28) 0.0003* 0.61 (0.29) 3.65 × 10−8*
Hydroxyphenylpyruvate 1.16 (0.23) 3.02 × 10−12* 1.15 (0.24) 0.002* 1.17 (0.23) 1.54 × 10−5*
Betaine 0.92 (0.12) 1.75 × 10−10* 0.90 (0.11) 0.003* 0.93 (0.11) 0.02
Creatine 0.84 (0.25) 1.19 × 10−7* 0.79 (0.20) 0.0002* 0.87 (0.27) 0.001*
Acetylcholine 0.92 (0.15) 8.54 × 10−7* 0.90 (0.16) 0.001* 0.92 (0.14) 0.008
Citrulline 1.06 (0.15) 1.34 × 10−4* 1.06 (0.17) 0.06 1.07 (0.14) 0.007
Ornithine 1.08 (0.21) 3.83 × 10−4* 1.04 (0.19) 0.27 1.11 (0.23) 0.005
13-Hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid 1.14 (0.37) 4.32 × 10−4* 1.25 (0.38) 0.003* 1.07 (0.35) 0.11
Aspartic acid 0.91 (0.23) 7.25 × 10−4* 0.93 (0.25) 0.14 0.90 (0.22) 0.001*
Hydroxyproline 0.87 (0.32) 7.77 × 10−4* 0.85 (0.41) 0.03 0.88 (0.26) 0.001*
Methylhistidine 0.77 (0.55) 8.18 × 10−4* 0.80 (0.56) 0.08 0.75 (0.54) 0.004*
Tryptophan 0.94 (0.14) 9.19 × 10−4* 0.95 (0.15) 0.10 0.94 (0.14) 0.003*
Cystamine 0.87 (0.35) 0.002* 0.85 (0.33) 0.03 0.88 (0.36) 0.02
Glutamine 1.03 (0.09) 0.003* 1.01 (0.07) 0.47 1.04 (0.09) 0.002*
Carnitine 0.95 (0.14) 0.004* 0.92 (0.13) 0.001* 0.97 (0.15) 0.19
Trimethylamine 0.95 (0.16) 0.007* 0.90 (0.17) 0.004* 0.98 (0.15) 0.44
Oxaloacetate 1.04 (0.15) 0.007* 1.03 (0.14) 0.26 1.05 (0.15) 0.01
Xanthurenic acid 0.96 (0.15) 0.03 0.99 (0.15) 0.79 0.94 (0.15) 0.005*
Shikimic acid 1.13 (0.48) 0.06 1.18 (0.37) 0.003* 1.10 (0.53) 0.12
1

FDR, false discovery rate; RG, refined grain and added sugars dietary pattern; WG, low–glycemic load dietary pattern.

2

Adiposity classifications as determined by DXA: females: low fat mass <31.9%, high fat mass >32.0%; males: low fat mass <24.9%, high fat mass >25.0%.

3

Geometric mean ratio (geometric SD) of plasma metabolite concentrations comparing WG diet vs. RG diet at day 28; a ratio >1 means that the metabolite was higher in the WG diet relative to the RG diet, whereas a ratio <1 means that the metabolite was lower.

4

P values derived from linear mixed model adjusting for diet sequence, assay batch, age, sex, body fat percentage, and baseline metabolite concentrations; stratified analyses excluded body fat percentage as a covariate. *Significant with Benjamini-Hochberg FDR <0.05.