TABLE 3.
ORs (95% CI) for micronutrient deficiency associated with a 1-SD change in nutrient density in complementary foods or in biomarkers of EED1
| Variable | Anemia | Low plasma ferritin | High transferrin receptor | Low plasma retinol | Low plasma zinc |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Usual nutrient density, SD [sqrt(intake/1000 kcal)] | |||||
| Iron, mg | 0.78 (0.64, 0.94)* | 0.66 (0.54, 0.79)* | 0.88 (0.73, 1.07) | 0.71 (0.57, 0.88)* | 0.76 (0.55, 1.06) |
| Zinc, mg | 0.89 (0.71, 1.1) | 0.80 (0.64, 1.01) | 1.05 (0.84, 1.32) | 0.59 (0.45, 0.78)* | 1.26 (0.88, 1.80) |
| Calcium, mg | 1.04 (0.9, 1.21) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.18) | 1.19 (1.02, 1.39)* | 0.72 (0.61, 0.86)* | 1.16 (0.97, 1.39) |
| Vitamin A, μg | 1.22 (1.02, 1.46)* | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | 1.14 (0.95, 1.38) | 0.81 (0.67, 1.00)* | 1.14 (0.88, 1.47) |
| Vitamin B6, μg | 0.85 (0.71, 1.02) | 0.86 (0.71, 1.03) | 1.00 (0.82, 1.21) | 0.99 (0.80, 1.21) | 1.05 (0.82, 1.34) |
| Folate, μg | 1.02 (0.88, 1.17) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.02) | 0.9 (0.77, 1.04) | 0.89 (0.76, 1.05) | 0.87 (0.71, 1.07) |
| Vitamin B12, μg | 1.09 (0.93, 1.29) | 1.02 (0.86, 1.2) | 1.12 (0.94, 1.32) | 0.83 (0.69, 0.99)* | 1.14 (0.93, 1.41) |
| Vitamin C, mg | 1.05 (0.89, 1.23) | 0.84 (0.7, 1.01) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.23) | 1.06 (0.89, 1.26) | 1.01 (0.75, 1.35) |
| Protein, g | 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) | 1.09 (0.93, 1.28) | 1.04 (0.89, 1.22) | 0.85 (0.72, 1.01) | 1.18 (0.96, 1.44) |
| Biomarker of EED | |||||
| MPO, SD[log(ng/mL)] | 1.10 (0.97, 1.24) | 0.97 (0.85, 1.09) | 0.85 (0.75, 0.96)* | 1.12 (0.97, 1.29) | 0.94 (0.80, 1.11) |
| NEO, SD[log(nmol/L)] | 1.00 (0.86, 1.17) | 1.19 (1.02, 1.39)* | 1.13 (0.96, 1.33) | 0.77 (0.66, 0.92)* | 1.02 (0.85, 1.23) |
| AAT, SD[log(μg/g)] | 1.00 (0.87, 1.15) | 1.13 (0.99, 1.29)* | 0.94 (0.82, 1.08) | 1.04 (0.90, 1.20) | 0.81 (0.69, 0.96)* |
| LMZ, SD | 1.19 (1.03, 1.36)* | 0.93 (0.82, 1.07) | 0.89 (0.77, 1.02) | 1.34 (1.15, 1.57)* | 0.98 (0.84, 1.15) |
1
Presented are the log odds, adjusted for site and α-1-acid glycoprotein. Nutrient densities were transformed using square root; MPO, NEO, and AAT were transformed using a natural logarithm. * indicates associations that do not include 1.0 in the 95% CI. AAT, α-1-antitrypsin; EED, environmental enteric dysfunction; LMZ, lactulose:mannitol ratio z-score; MAL-ED, Etiology, Risk Factors, and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health; MPO, myeloperoxidase; NEO, neopterin.