Table 1.
ART adherence by socioeconomic, reproductive, HIV, partner, alcohol use, stigma and depression at baseline (N = 683)
| All (N = 683) | Nonadherent (N = 224) | Adherent (N = 457) | Z/t/χ 2 ,p | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | ||
| n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||
| Sociodemographics | ||||
| Age (m, SD) | 28.40 (5.71) | 28.87 (5.77) | 28.17 (5.67) | 1.514, 0.131 |
| Educational attainment | ||||
| Grade 0–9 | 148 (21.7%) | 67 (29.9%) | 81 (17.7%) | 14.998, 0.001 |
| Grade 10–11 | 339 (49.8%) | 107 (47.8%) | 232 (50.8%) | |
| Grade 12 or more | 194 (28.5%) | 50 (22.3%) | 144 (31.5%) | |
| Relationship status | ||||
| Not married, living separate | 403 (59.2%) | 129 (57.6%) | 274 (60.0%) | 0.382, 0.826 |
| Not married, living together | 153 (22.5%) | 53 (23.7%) | 100 (21.9%) | |
| Married | 125 (18.4%) | 42 (18.8%) | 83 (18.2%) | |
| Employment status | ||||
| Not employed | 562 (82.5%) | 185 (82.6%) | 377 (82.5%) | 0.001, 0.976 |
| Employed, Volunteer or Student | 119 (17.5%) | 39 (17.4%) | 80 (17.5%) | |
| Income (ZAR) per month | ||||
| < 600 | 308 (45.2%) | 97 (43.3%) | 211 (46.2%) | 0.499, 0.480 |
| ≥ 600 or more | 373 (54.8%) | 127 (56.7%) | 246 (53.8%) | |
| Reproductive | ||||
| Number of children | ||||
| None | 139 (20.4%) | 35 (15.6%) | 104 (22.8%) | 4.707, 0.030 |
| One or more | 542 (79.6%) | 189 (84.4%) | 353 (77.2%) | |
| Unplanned pregnancy | ||||
| No | 320 (47.0%) | 95 (42.5%) | 225 (49.2%) | 2.810, 0.094 |
| Yes | 361 (53.0%) | 129 (57.6%) | 232 (50.8%) | |
| HIV issues | ||||
| Diagnosed with HIV in this pregnancy | ||||
| No, before | 314 (46.1%) | 120 (53.6%) | 194 (42.5%) | 7.481, 0.006 |
| Yes | 367 (53.9%) | 104 (46.4%) | 263 (57.5%) | |
| Months since ART initiation | 13.27 (24.35) | 16.41 (27.09) | 11.73 (22.76) | − 4.146, < 0.001* |
| Partner issues | ||||
| Disclosed HIV status to partner | ||||
| No | 279 (41.0%) | 71 (31.7%) | 208 (45.5%) | 11.867, 0.001 |
| Yes | 402 (59.9%) | 153 (68.3%) | 249 (54.5%) | |
| Male involvement (cut of ≥ 8 (median score of male involvement)) | ||||
| No | 313 (46.0%) | 102 (45.5%) | 211 (46.2%) | 0.024, 0.876 |
| Yes | 368 (54.0%) | 122 (54.5%) | 246 (53.8%) | |
| Intimate partner violence | ||||
| Psychological partner violence | 3.24 (5.31) | 3.86 (5.63) | 2.94 (5.14) | − 4.718, 0.007 |
| Physical partner violence | 1.14 (3.68) | 2.07 (5.15) | 0.69 (2.57) | –3.498, < 0.001 |
| Alcohol use, stigma and depression | ||||
| Alcohol use of more than 2 drinks on at least on one occasion in the past 4 weeks | ||||
| No | 587 (86.2%) | 178 (79.5%) | 409 (89.5%) | 12.716, < 0.001 |
| Yes | 94 (13.8%) | 46 (20.5%) | 48 (10.5%) | |
| Stigma | 0.773 (1.36) | 0.69 (1.28) | 0.97 (1.49) | − 2.541, 0.011* |
| Depression | ||||
| EDS score of 0–12 | 349 (51.2%) | 87 (38.8%) | 262 (57.3%) | 20.572, < 0.001 |
| EDS score of 13 and more | 332 (48.8%) | 137 (61.2%) | 195 (42.7%) | |
| Intervention | ||||
| Standard of care | 345 (50.7%) | 100 (44.6%) | 245 (54.6%) | 4.836, 0.028 |
| Enhanced intervention | 336 (49.3%) | 124 (55.4%) | 212 (46.4%) | |
*Mann–Whitney tests were used for median comparison of groups and Chi square tests for differences in proportions