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. 2019 Jun 10;8(10):1084–1091. doi: 10.1002/sctm.18-0266

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© 2019 The Authors. stem cells translational medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of AlphaMed Press

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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B‐cell depletion is mediated via galectin‐9 (GAL9) and B‐cell activating factor (BAFF). Western blots of markers for osteoblastogenesis, osteoclast, and B‐cell activity. In accordance to immunoflourescent stainings, protein levels of runt‐related transcription factor 2 could be raised by stem cell application. Decreased osteoclast activity seems to be downregulated in a receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand‐dependent manner as levels were significantly reduced in stem cell group. Investigating B‐cells, CD19 was downregulated in ASC group 7 days after surgery. Subsequently, GAL9 known to inhibit B‐cells is upregulated and moreover, BAFF is downregulated after stem cell application. Interestingly, interferon‐γ is decreased 7 days after surgery in stem cell group (nine animals/group). *, p < .05; **, p < .01; ***, p < 0.001.