Fig. 4.

Hypothalamic microgliosis in aged high-fat diet (HFD)-fed offspring. Brain sections of 12-mo-old male and female offspring challenged with HFD for 2 wk were analyzed for hypothalamic microglia and TNF-α. A: images of immunostaining in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ARC). Scale bars: 50 µm. B: numbers of cells immunoreactive for ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), or TNF-α (C) in the ARC (across the confocal microscopic field of serial sections) from male and female offspring of standard diet (SC), HFD, or HFD+BCAA dams (n = 6/group). Error bars reflect means ± SE. *P < 0.01 vs. SC for Iba-1, and P < 0.0001 for TNF-α, as assessed by two-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls test. BCAA, branched-chain amino acid.