Fig. 5.

Modulation of the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor with S1P analog FTY720 improves anabolic response and chronic inflammation in obese skeletal muscle but not older animals. Relative protein levels of phosphorylated (Phospho-) Akt (A), ribosomal protein S6 (rpS6; B), and NF-κB (C) and total NF-κB (D) were quantified using Western blot analysis. mRNA expression of inflammation (E), apoptosis (F), and myogenic genes (G) was measured by quantitative PCR. ^aP < 0.05 for main effect for phenotype/treatment, ^bP < 0.05 for main effect for contraction, *P < 0.05 vs. lean (YNG) SHAM by 2-way ANOVA, n = 8/group; ¹P < 0.05 vs. YNG, ²P < 0.05 vs. FAT vehicle (VEH), ³P < 0.05 vs. OLD VEH by 1-way ANOVA, n = 8/group. HFES, high-frequency electrical stimulation; pS, phosphoserine; T, total.