Table 1.

The advantages and disadvantages of optical sensors. SPR: surface plasmon resonance.

Optical Sensors	Advantages	Disadvantages
Fluorescent	High sensitivity and selectivity; real-time measurement; good reproducibility	Slightly slow detection; time consuming; limited application (small molecules)
Electrochemiluminescence	Good sensitivity and selectivity; stable; strong anti-interference ability; wide detection range	High cost; low compatibility; complicated preparation; frequent electrode fouling
Photoluminescent	High sensitivity and selectivity; real-time measurement; good reproducibility	Low precision and accuracy; time consuming; limited application (small molecules)
Colorimetric	Good sensitivity; fast detection; inexpensive	Low reproducibility; low stability; low selectivity
SPR	Very high sensitivity; simple; low cost; label-free	Low selectivity (improving)