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. 2019 Sep 6;19(18):3850. doi: 10.3390/s19183850

Table 7.

The optical sensors based on GQDs for the detection of other toxic metal ions.

Type of GQDs Synthesis Method Starting Materials Optical Method Metal Ion Linear Range LOD 1 (nM) References
B-GQDs electrochemical exfoliation graphite rod Fluorescent chemosensor Al3+ 0–100 µM 3640 [98]
N-GQDs solvothermal GO/dimethyl-formamide Fluorescent probe Al3+ 2.5–7.5 µM 1300 [99]
gGQDs microwave-assisted GO nanosheets ECL sensor Cd2+ 20–150 nM 13 [89]
TMPyP/NGQDs hydrothermal oxidize nitrogen-doped graphene Fluorescent sensor Cd2+ 0.5–8 µM 88 [100]
NGQDs hydrothermal reduction nitrogen-doped GO ECL sensor Co2+ 1.0–70 µM 200 [101]
GQDs chemical oxidation carbon fibers Photoluminescent sensor Ni2+ 0–90 µM 4100 [102]

1 where LOD is limit of detection. B: boron, ECL: electrochemiluminescence, GO: graphene oxide, N: nitrogen, TMPyP: 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridinio) porphyrin tetra(p-toluenesulfonate).