Table 1.
Clinical characteristics of study subjects
| Before PSM | After PSM | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dapagliflozin | GLP‐1RA | P | D | Dapagliflozin | GLP‐1RA | P | D | |
| Number | 473 | 336 | ‐ | ‐ | 231 | 231 | ‐ | ‐ |
| Age, years | 59.6 ± 9.4 | 61.6 ± 9.2 | 0.003 | 0.212 | 60.5 ± 9.1 | 60.4 ± 9.2 | 0.899 | 0.030 |
| Sex male, % | 61.1% | 54.5% | 0.059 | 0.135 | 58.4 | 55.0 | 0.511 | 0.014 |
| Diabetes duration, years | 11.9 ± 8.1 | 9.8 ± 7.0 | 0.001 | 0.270 | 10.3 ± 7.7 | 9.9 ± 6.8 | 0.542 | 0.011 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 33.4 ± 6.0 | 35.3 ± 5.5 | <0.001 | 0.337 | 34.7 ± 6.3 | 34.8 ± 5.6 | 0.871 | 0.048 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 113.4 ± 13.2 | 117.6 ± 12.1 | 0.003 | 0.336 | 116.7 ± 14.1 | 115.5 ± 11.7 | 0.520 | 0.039 |
| SBP, mm hg | 138.8 ± 18.2 | 140.6 ± 18.3 | 0.170 | 0.098 | 140.9 ± 18.4 | 140.0 ± 17.9 | 0.570 | 0.009 |
| DBP, mm hg | 80.4 ± 10.4 | 80.5 ± 9.1 | 0.864 | 0.012 | 81.2 ± 9.9 | 80.3 ± 9.3 | 0.303 | 0.004 |
| FPG, mg/dl | 171.8 ± 51.3 | 152.3 ± 32.9 | <0.001 | 0.453 | 158.9 ± 47.4 | 153.3 ± 34.3 | 0.171 | 0.020 |
| HbA1c, % | 8.6 ± 1.4 | 7.8 ± 0.8 | <0.001 | 0.721 | 8.0 ± 1.2 | 7.9 ± 0.9 | 0.273 | 0.056 |
| Total cholesterol, mg/dl | 171.2 ± 36.4 | 171.3 ± 41.2 | 0.976 | 0.002 | 174.2 ± 35.8 | 171.3 ± 42.9 | 0.487 | 0.032 |
| HDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 45.8 ± 13.4 | 45.3 ± 11.8 | 0.622 | 0.041 | 46.8 ± 13.4 | 45.6 ± 12.3 | 0.371 | 0.016 |
| Triglycerides, mg/dl | 163.8 ± 99.9 | 164.6 ± 104.6 | 0.923 | 0.008 | 168.8 ± 117.2 | 162.6 ± 115.1 | 0.619 | 0.001 |
| LDL cholesterol, mg/dl | 93.3 ± 31.3 | 92.7 ± 35.3 | 0.838 | 0.017 | 94.5 ± 31.5 | 93.4 ± 37.4 | 0.770 | 0.032 |
| eGFR, mg/min/1.73 m2 | 89.7 ± 15.7 | 85.8 ± 17.5 | 0.006 | 0.232 | 86.0 ± 16.1 | 88.7 ± 17.0 | 0.136 | 0.009 |
| UAER, mg/24 h | 105.0 ± 335.1 | 103.4 ± 273.0 | 0.955 | 0.005 | 83.5 ± 241.7 | 103.1 ± 526.3 | 0.700 | 0.023 |
| Complications | ||||||||
| Microangiopathy, % | 36.3 | 31.3 | 0.146 | 0.105 | 33.0 | 28.8 | 0.385 | 0.003 |
| Macroangiopathy, % | 31.9 | 32.6 | 0.853 | 0.014 | 34.0 | 31.6 | 0.677 | 0.019 |
| Associated therapy | ||||||||
| Metformin, % | 99.4 | 89.0 | <0.001 | 0.454 | 98.3 | 96.5 | 0.384 | 0.015 |
| Insulin, % | 53.8 | 21.4 | <0.001 | 0.709 | 30.9 | 29.4 | 0.815 | 0.015 |
| Prior GLM classes, median (range)a | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 1.000 | 0.000 | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–4) | 1.000 | 0.000 |
| Other therapies | ||||||||
| Anti‐platelet, % | 45.7 | 42.3 | 0.368 | 0.068 | 44.8 | 42.0 | 0.634 | 0.080 |
| Statin, % | 64.5 | 62.0 | 0.488 | 0.052 | 56.1 | 61.8 | 0.277 | 0.017 |
| ACE/ARBs, % | 73.3 | 72.7 | 0.842 | 0.015 | 75.0 | 74.4 | 0.882 | 0.065 |
| CCB, % | 23.1 | 27.7 | 0.163 | 0.105 | 26.4 | 27.5 | 0.882 | 0.023 |
| Beta blockers, % | 31.9 | 32.0 | 0.978 | 0.002 | 33.0 | 30.0 | 0.568 | 0.021 |
| Alpha blockers, % | 7.1 | 9.0 | 0.363 | 0.070 | 7.1 | 5.9 | 0.596 | 0.049 |
| Diuretics, % | 10.7 | 13.0 | 0.346 | 0.071 | 11.3 | 12.6 | 0.667 | 0.012 |
Note: Data are presented for the entire cohort before propensity score matching (PSM) and after PSM. For matched groups, representative data are shown for the first imputed dataset, whereas P values and standardized difference (D) are shown for all imputed datasets pooled together. Only observed data are shown.
To compute the number of GLM classes, the following classes were considered: insulin, metformin, classic secretagogues (sulphonylureas and repaglinide), dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors, glitazones (only pioglitazone was available), acarbose.
Abbreviations: ACEi, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin receptor blockers; BDP, diastolic blood pressure; BMI, body mass index; CCB, calcium channel blockers; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GLM, glucose‐lowering medications; HDL, high‐density cholesterol; LDL, low‐density cholesterol; SBP, systolic blood pressure; UAER, urinary albumin excretion rate.